Exam 2- hematological and lymphatic Flashcards

1
Q

what is leukiemia?

A

uncontrolled proliferation of non-functional white blood cells

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2
Q

what is lymphoma?

A

forms solid tumors in lymphatic tissue, such as lymph nodes, thymus, or spleen.

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3
Q

what are the diffrent types of lymphoma?

A

hodgikins and non hodgikins

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4
Q

what is hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

contiguous: only spreads to adjacent/near by lymph nodes

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5
Q

what is nonhodgkins lymphoma?

A

noncontiguous, spreads to extranodular sites like skin, GI, brain

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6
Q

what is the patho of hodgkin lymphoma?

A

B cells proliferate as Hodgkin cells or reed sternberg cells

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7
Q

what are hodgkin cells?

A

mononuclear giant cells

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8
Q

what are Reed-Sternberg cells?

A

multinucleated giant cells

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9
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma clinical manifestations

A

enlargement of cervical, axillary, or inguinal lymph nodes
hepatosplenomegaly
weight loss
anemia
jaundice
pain
fatigue & weakness
fever & chills
tachycardia
dyspnea + stridor
cough
paraplegia
dysphagia
night sweats
itching

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10
Q

what does nonhodgkins lymphoma affects?

A

B, T, and NK cells in all ages

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11
Q

what are the risk factors nonhodgkins lymphoma?

VI, BI, C+R, T, M , HOAID

A

viral infection

bacterial infection

chemotherapy and radiation

toxins

medications

history of autoimmune disorders

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12
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of non hohodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

painless lymph nodes enlargement
lymphadenopathy
airway obstruction
hyperuricemia (uric acid in blood)
renal failure
fever
night sweats
weight loss
Gi symptoms
pericardial tamponade

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13
Q

what is the etiology of hodgkin’s lypmhoma?

A

idiopathic (arises spontaneuolsy)

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14
Q

what are the nonmodifiable risk factors for HL?

G(M), GPD, A

A

gender (males)

genetic predisposition

age: 15-30; more than 55

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15
Q

what are modifiable risk factors for HL?

V, HOAI, T, IS

A

virus

history of autoimmunity

toxins

immunosuppresants

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16
Q

what is the etiology of leukemia?

C, R, S, CT, C, V, GD

A

cancer
radiation
smoking
chemotherapy
chemicals (benzene)
virus
other hematological or genetic disorders

17
Q

Leukemia Clinical Manifestations

WL, NS, F, CP

A

weight loss

night sweats

fever

cytopenia

18
Q

what are the diffrent complications of Leukemia?

P, HS, LA

A

pain/tenderness in bones

hepatosplenomegaly

lymphadenopathy

19
Q

*

what is hepatosplenomegaly?

A

swelling and enlargement of the liver and spleen, in the upper abdomen

20
Q

what are the diffrent kinds of leukemia?

A, C , L, M

A

acute, chronic

lymphocytic, myeloid

21
Q

what is myeloid leukemia?

A

uncontrolled granulocyte production

22
Q

what is lymphocytic leukemia?

A

involves lymphocytes (B and T cells)

23
Q

what is Acute Myeloid Leukemia?

A

rapid proliferation of myeloblasts

24
Q

what is the patho of Acute Myeloid Leukemia?

A

hyperplasia in bone marrow

25
what are the clinical mani of Acute Myeloid Leukemia? | P, IOLC, OI, AB
pancytopenia (caused by immature myeloblasts replacing cells and hemopoietic cells) leukemic cells infiltrate other organs opportunistic infections abnormal bleeding
26
what is the name of an immature RBC?
reticulocyte?
27
what is an expected finding of increased PT or PTT
signs of inccreased bleeding
28
jaundice is a clinical mani of which type of anemia?
sickle cell anemia
29
what is a characteristic of an erthrocyte associated with pernicous anemia?
megoblastic
30
in which anemia's are RBC's destroyed? | T, SCA
Thalassemia and sickle cell anemia
31
aplastic anemia differs from other anemia because of what characteristic?
complete lack of bone marrow function causing a decrease in all BC
32
what is the main characteristic of DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)?
excessive bleedingh and clotting at the same time
33
what is the etiology of hemophilia?
inherited genetic disorder
34
what is aplastic anemia?
when your bone marrow cannot make enough new blood cells for your body to work normally
35
what is thalassemia anemia?
Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by less oxygen-carrying protein (hemoglobin) and fewer red blood cells in the body than normal.
36
what is Prothrombin Time (PT)?
test is a test to evaluate blood clotting
37
what is a Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)?
a blood test that looks at how long it takes for blood to clot. It can help tell if you have a bleeding problem
38
what is polycethemia?
a type of blood cancer. It causes your bone marrow to make too many red blood cells.
39