Exam 2- hematological and lymphatic

Question 1

what is leukiemia?

Answer 1

uncontrolled proliferation of non-functional white blood cells

Question 2

what is lymphoma?

Answer 2

forms solid tumors in lymphatic tissue, such as lymph nodes, thymus, or spleen.

Question 3

what are the diffrent types of lymphoma?

Answer 3

hodgikins and non hodgikins

Question 4

what is hodgkin’s lymphoma?

Answer 4

contiguous: only spreads to adjacent/near by lymph nodes

Question 5

what is nonhodgkins lymphoma?

Answer 5

noncontiguous, spreads to extranodular sites like skin, GI, brain

Question 6

what is the patho of hodgkin lymphoma?

Answer 6

B cells proliferate as Hodgkin cells or reed sternberg cells

Question 7

what are hodgkin cells?

Answer 7

mononuclear giant cells

Question 8

what are Reed-Sternberg cells?

Answer 8

multinucleated giant cells

Question 9

Hodgkin’s lymphoma clinical manifestations

Answer 9

enlargement of cervical, axillary, or inguinal lymph nodes
hepatosplenomegaly
weight loss
anemia
jaundice
pain
fatigue & weakness
fever & chills
tachycardia
dyspnea + stridor
cough
paraplegia
dysphagia
night sweats
itching

Question 10

what does nonhodgkins lymphoma affects?

Answer 10

B, T, and NK cells in all ages

Question 11

what are the risk factors nonhodgkins lymphoma?

VI, BI, C+R, T, M , HOAID

Answer 11

viral infection

bacterial infection

chemotherapy and radiation

toxins

medications

history of autoimmune disorders

Question 12

what are the clinical manifestations of non hohodgkin’s lymphoma?

Answer 12

painless lymph nodes enlargement
lymphadenopathy
airway obstruction
hyperuricemia (uric acid in blood)
renal failure
fever
night sweats
weight loss
Gi symptoms
pericardial tamponade

Question 13

what is the etiology of hodgkin’s lypmhoma?

Answer 13

idiopathic (arises spontaneuolsy)

Question 14

what are the nonmodifiable risk factors for HL?

G(M), GPD, A

Answer 14

gender (males)

genetic predisposition

age: 15-30; more than 55

Question 15

what are modifiable risk factors for HL?

V, HOAI, T, IS

Answer 15

virus

history of autoimmunity

toxins

immunosuppresants

Question 16

what is the etiology of leukemia?

C, R, S, CT, C, V, GD

Answer 16

cancer
radiation
smoking
chemotherapy
chemicals (benzene)
virus
other hematological or genetic disorders

Question 17

Leukemia Clinical Manifestations

WL, NS, F, CP

Answer 17

weight loss

night sweats

fever

cytopenia

Question 18

what are the diffrent complications of Leukemia?

P, HS, LA

Answer 18

pain/tenderness in bones

hepatosplenomegaly

lymphadenopathy

Question 19

*

what is hepatosplenomegaly?

Answer 19

swelling and enlargement of the liver and spleen, in the upper abdomen

Question 20

what are the diffrent kinds of leukemia?

A, C , L, M

Answer 20

acute, chronic

lymphocytic, myeloid

Question 21

what is myeloid leukemia?

Answer 21

uncontrolled granulocyte production

Question 22

what is lymphocytic leukemia?

Answer 22

involves lymphocytes (B and T cells)

Question 23

what is Acute Myeloid Leukemia?

Answer 23

rapid proliferation of myeloblasts

Question 24

what is the patho of Acute Myeloid Leukemia?

Answer 24

hyperplasia in bone marrow

Question 25

what are the clinical mani of Acute Myeloid Leukemia? | P, IOLC, OI, AB

Answer 25

pancytopenia (caused by immature myeloblasts replacing cells and hemopoietic cells) leukemic cells infiltrate other organs opportunistic infections abnormal bleeding

Question 26

what is the name of an immature RBC?

Answer 26

reticulocyte?

Question 27

what is an expected finding of increased PT or PTT

Answer 27

signs of inccreased bleeding

Question 28

jaundice is a clinical mani of which type of anemia?

Answer 28

sickle cell anemia

Question 29

what is a characteristic of an erthrocyte associated with pernicous anemia?

Answer 29

megoblastic

Question 30

in which anemia's are RBC's destroyed? | T, SCA

Answer 30

Thalassemia and sickle cell anemia

Question 31

aplastic anemia differs from other anemia because of what characteristic?

Answer 31

complete lack of bone marrow function causing a decrease in all BC

Question 32

what is the main characteristic of DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)?

Answer 32

excessive bleedingh and clotting at the same time

Question 33

what is the etiology of hemophilia?

Answer 33

inherited genetic disorder

Question 34

what is aplastic anemia?

Answer 34

when your bone marrow cannot make enough new blood cells for your body to work normally

Question 35

what is thalassemia anemia?

Answer 35

Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by less oxygen-carrying protein (hemoglobin) and fewer red blood cells in the body than normal.

Question 36

what is Prothrombin Time (PT)?

Answer 36

test is a test to evaluate blood clotting

Question 37

what is a Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)?

Answer 37

a blood test that looks at how long it takes for blood to clot. It can help tell if you have a bleeding problem

Question 38

what is polycethemia?

Answer 38

a type of blood cancer. It causes your bone marrow to make too many red blood cells.