Exam 2- hematological and lymphatic Flashcards
what is leukiemia?
uncontrolled proliferation of non-functional white blood cells
what is lymphoma?
forms solid tumors in lymphatic tissue, such as lymph nodes, thymus, or spleen.
what are the diffrent types of lymphoma?
hodgikins and non hodgikins
what is hodgkin’s lymphoma?
contiguous: only spreads to adjacent/near by lymph nodes
what is nonhodgkins lymphoma?
noncontiguous, spreads to extranodular sites like skin, GI, brain
what is the patho of hodgkin lymphoma?
B cells proliferate as Hodgkin cells or reed sternberg cells
what are hodgkin cells?
mononuclear giant cells
what are Reed-Sternberg cells?
multinucleated giant cells
Hodgkin’s lymphoma clinical manifestations
enlargement of cervical, axillary, or inguinal lymph nodes
hepatosplenomegaly
weight loss
anemia
jaundice
pain
fatigue & weakness
fever & chills
tachycardia
dyspnea + stridor
cough
paraplegia
dysphagia
night sweats
itching
what does nonhodgkins lymphoma affects?
B, T, and NK cells in all ages
what are the risk factors nonhodgkins lymphoma?
VI, BI, C+R, T, M , HOAID
viral infection
bacterial infection
chemotherapy and radiation
toxins
medications
history of autoimmune disorders
what are the clinical manifestations of non hohodgkin’s lymphoma?
painless lymph nodes enlargement
lymphadenopathy
airway obstruction
hyperuricemia (uric acid in blood)
renal failure
fever
night sweats
weight loss
Gi symptoms
pericardial tamponade
what is the etiology of hodgkin’s lypmhoma?
idiopathic (arises spontaneuolsy)
what are the nonmodifiable risk factors for HL?
G(M), GPD, A
gender (males)
genetic predisposition
age: 15-30; more than 55
what are modifiable risk factors for HL?
V, HOAI, T, IS
virus
history of autoimmunity
toxins
immunosuppresants
what is the etiology of leukemia?
C, R, S, CT, C, V, GD
cancer
radiation
smoking
chemotherapy
chemicals (benzene)
virus
other hematological or genetic disorders
Leukemia Clinical Manifestations
WL, NS, F, CP
weight loss
night sweats
fever
cytopenia
what are the diffrent complications of Leukemia?
P, HS, LA
pain/tenderness in bones
hepatosplenomegaly
lymphadenopathy
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what is hepatosplenomegaly?
swelling and enlargement of the liver and spleen, in the upper abdomen
what are the diffrent kinds of leukemia?
A, C , L, M
acute, chronic
lymphocytic, myeloid
what is myeloid leukemia?
uncontrolled granulocyte production
what is lymphocytic leukemia?
involves lymphocytes (B and T cells)
what is Acute Myeloid Leukemia?
rapid proliferation of myeloblasts
what is the patho of Acute Myeloid Leukemia?
hyperplasia in bone marrow
what are the clinical mani of Acute Myeloid Leukemia?
P, IOLC, OI, AB
pancytopenia (caused by immature myeloblasts replacing cells and hemopoietic cells)
leukemic cells infiltrate other organs
opportunistic infections
abnormal bleeding
what is the name of an immature RBC?
reticulocyte?
what is an expected finding of increased PT or PTT
signs of inccreased bleeding
jaundice is a clinical mani of which type of anemia?
sickle cell anemia
what is a characteristic of an erthrocyte associated with pernicous anemia?
megoblastic
in which anemia’s are RBC’s destroyed?
T, SCA
Thalassemia and sickle cell anemia
aplastic anemia differs from other anemia because of what characteristic?
complete lack of bone marrow function causing a decrease in all BC
what is the main characteristic of DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)?
excessive bleedingh and clotting at the same time
what is the etiology of hemophilia?
inherited genetic disorder
what is aplastic anemia?
when your bone marrow cannot make enough new blood cells for your body to work normally
what is thalassemia anemia?
Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by less oxygen-carrying protein (hemoglobin) and fewer red blood cells in the body than normal.
what is Prothrombin Time (PT)?
test is a test to evaluate blood clotting
what is a Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)?
a blood test that looks at how long it takes for blood to clot. It can help tell if you have a bleeding problem
what is polycethemia?
a type of blood cancer. It causes your bone marrow to make too many red blood cells.
