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Pathophysiology > Exam 3: Heart > Flashcards

Exam 3: Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Exerted when blood is ejected from ventricles

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2
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

Sustained pressure when ventricles relax

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3
Q

What alters BP?

CO, BV, PRTBF

A

Cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance to blood flow

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4
Q

What affects does ADH and aldosterone have on the heart?

A

Increases BP and increases blood volume

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5
Q

What affects does renin angiotensin have on the heart?

IVC

A

Increased vasoconstriction

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6
Q

What are the major factors that affect BP?

A
  • vessel size
  • compliance of the vessel
  • circulating fluid volume
  • blood viscosity
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7
Q

What are the defining characteristic of unstable angina?

A
  • Chronic chest pain
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8
Q

What causes left sided pulmonary edema?

A

Left ventricular heart failure

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9
Q

What is an expected finding in clients with PAD

A

1+ pulse in the lower leg

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10
Q

What is primary hypertension (idiopathic hypertension)?

A

Strongly linked to enviormental factors with genetic link

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11
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

Results from another disease affecting the renal or endocrine system

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12
Q

What is hypertensive crisis?

A

Blood pressure over 180/120

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13
Q

What are risk factors for primary hypertension?

A
  • age
  • alcohol
  • diabetes
  • ethnicity
  • gender family history
  • hyperlipademia
  • sedentary
  • stress
  • Tobacco
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14
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

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15
Q

What is the cardiac output formula?

A

HR X SV

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16
Q

What is the relationship between CO and BP?

A

As CO increases, BP also increases

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17
Q

What is the function of troponin?

A

proteins that are released when the heart muscle has been damaged, such as occurs with a heart attack

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18
Q

What is peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

A

Obstruction of blood flow to the peripheral arteries

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19
Q

What is the etiology of peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

A

Atherosclerosis

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20
Q

What are risk factors for PAD?

A

Modifiable and non modifiable risk factors

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21
Q

What are the risk factors that are modifiable for PAD?

A
  • smoking
    -sedentary lifestyle
  • obesity
  • dysrlipemdiemia
  • HTN
  • diabetes
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22
Q

What are the nonmodifiable risk factors for PAD?

A
  • male
  • increasing age
  • family history of PAD
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23
Q

What are the clinical manifestation for PAD?

P, CR, CL, PARA, PAL, MA, CE, D/AP

A
  • Pain, cramps, claudication, parathesia, pallor, muscular atrophy, cool extremities, decreased/ a set pulse
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24
Q

What is peripheral venous diasease?

A

Obstruction of the veins/ blood flow back to the heart

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25
Q

What are the risk factors for peripheral venous disease? (PVD)

A
  • women
  • obseity
    -increased age
  • pregnancy
  • sedentary lifestyle
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26
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of PVD?
P, C, G, E, FOH, tS, W/AP

A
  • pain and cramps
  • gangrene
  • edema
  • feeling of heaviness
  • thinning skin
  • weak or absent pulse
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27
Q

What is an pulmonary embolism?

A

Clot or other material lodges in the vessels of the lungs

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28
Q

What is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism?

Virchow’s triad

A

Hypercogulation
Stasis
Endothelial cancer

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29
Q

What is virchow’s triad?

S, HC, ED

A

Stasis
Hypecoagability endothelial damage

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30
Q

What is venous stasis?

A

Condition of slow blood flow in the veins

31
Q

What causes venous stasis?

A
  • immobility
  • pregnancy
32
Q

What causes hypercoagulation?

A
  • clotting disorders
    P smoking
    -pregnancy
  • oral contraceptives
33
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

Chest pain

34
Q

What are the different angina?

A

Stable/ unstable

35
Q

What onsets stable angina?

A

It is gradual, occurs usually after exercise or stress, increased o2 demand

36
Q

What is the onset of unstable angina?

A

Comes unexpectedly, without exertion

37
Q

How is stable angina resolved?

A

Resolved with rest and vasodilators

38
Q

How is unstable angina resolved?

A

Isnt’ relived by stress or vasodilators

39
Q

How long does unstable angina last?

A

More than 15 minutes

40
Q

How long does stable angina last?

A

Less than 15 minutes

41
Q

What is hypovolemic shock?

A

Shock resulting from blood or fluid loss

42
Q

What is pathophysiology of hypovolemic shock?

LCBV, LVR, LSV, LCO, LOL, LTP, IM

A

Low circulating blood volume
Low venous return
Low stroke volume
Low cardiac Output
Low O2
Low tissue perfusion
Impaired metabolism

43
Q

What causes hypovolemic shock?

A

Hemorrhage
Dehydration
Burns
Blood loss

44
Q

What happens to BP during hypovolemic shock?

100/150

A

Diastolic BP increases

45
Q

What are the complications of right heart failure?

PE, RF, CD

A
  • pleural effusion
  • renal failure
  • cardiac dysthymia’s
46
Q

What are the symptoms of right sided heart failure?

PE, AB, JVD, A, HTN, A, EL/S

A

Pitting edema
abdominal distention
Anorexia
Hypo/ hypertension
Jugular vein distention
Ascites
Enlarged liver and spleen

47
Q

What causes RSHF?

A
  • left sided HF
  • atrial/ ventricular septal deficit
  • lung diseases
48
Q

What is right sided heart failure?

Lungs

A

Decreased blood flow to the lungs then backs up into the inferior/ superior vena cava

49
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of LSHF?

PE, D, T, DC, s3, F, o

A
  • pulmonary edema
  • dyspnea
  • tachypnea
  • dry cough
  • tachycardia
  • S3 and crackles
  • oliguria
  • Fatigue
50
Q

What is LSHF?

Systemic

A

Low blood flow to the aorta and rest of the body

51
Q

What is diastolic heart failure?

A

Ventricles can’t relax but still fill

52
Q

What is systolic heart failure?

A

The heart can’t contract and eject

53
Q

What are the non-modifiable risk factors for HTN?

A
  • advanced aged
  • biological male
  • family history of HTN
  • DM2
  • AA or Hispanic heritage
54
Q

What are the modifiable risk factors for HTN?

A
  • sedentary lifestyle
    -obseity
  • smoking
    -excessive sodium/ alcohol consumption
    -stress
55
Q

What the complications of HTN?

MI, S, KD, VL, PAD

A
  • Myocardial infarction
  • stroke
    -kidney disease
  • vision loss
  • peripheral artery disease
56
Q

What is afterload?

A

The amount of pressure the heart needs to work against to eject blood

57
Q

What is the main complication of afterload?

A

Enlargement and thickening of the hurt muscles

58
Q

What diagnostic test should be preformed on a pt diagnosed with HTN?

CBC, FG, TSH, KF, U, ECG, OE

A

CBC, fasting glucose, TSH, kidney function, urinalysis, ECG, and ophthalmic exam

59
Q

What is the patho of HTN?

A

Vasoconstriction would lead to increased peripheral resistance which would link to sustained HTN

60
Q

What is coronary artery disease?

A

Narrowing or obstruction of the coronary arteries

61
Q

What is the etiology of coronary artery disease (CAD)?

A

Narrowing caused by atherosclerosis

62
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

A buildup of plaque on the walls of the blood vessel

63
Q

What are the nonmodifiable factors for CAD

HC, FH, M, BM

A

-History of hypercholesterolemia
- family history
- minorities
- biological male

64
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

Death of the cardiac muscles tissue due to prolonged ischemia ( lack of oxygenated blood)

65
Q

What is the risk factor for MI?

A, G, DM, DL,HTN,FHMI, S,SL,HFD

A
  • age ( 40 yrs and older)
  • gender (male)
  • diabetes mellitus
  • dyslipidemia
  • HTN
  • family history of MI
  • smoking
  • sedentary lifestyle
    -high fat diet
66
Q

What is the etiology of MI?

A

Atherosclerosis

67
Q

What causes a thrombus clot to form?

A

The plaque buildup in the coronary arteries rupture causing platelets to attach to the plaque forming a thrombus

68
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of MI?

A
  • severe chest pain
  • dysrythmia
  • dyspnea
  • nausea
    -vomiting
    -fever
  • diaphoresis
  • coolness and cyanosis of the extremities
69
Q

What are the complications of MI?

A, CGS, P, HF, PMR, PE, CD

A
  • arrthymias
  • cardiogenic shock
  • pericarditis
  • heart failure
  • papillary muscle rupture
  • pulmonary edema
  • cardiac death
70
Q

How is MI diagnosed?

A
  • ECGs
  • troponin
  • creatinine
  • kinase
  • isoenzymes (CK- MB)
71
Q

What does elevated troponin I and T mean?

A

Cardiac injury

72
Q

what does an elevated CK-MB mean?

A

Seeing if another infarction occurs before troponin levels have returned to normal.

73
Q

What is the etiology of congestive heart failure?

A

Failures caused by abnormal fillings of the ventricles so the chambers don’t get fully loaded or stretched in the first place

Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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