Exam 2- Neuro and Pain Flashcards by All Kpop

what is the etiology of pain?

potential or actual tissue damage

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what are the diffrent kinds of pain someone can experience?

NO, Ne, P, R

nociceptive
Neuropathic
phantom
referred

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what is nociceptive pain?

pain caused by damage to body tissue. Nociceptive pain feels sharp, aching, or throbbing. It’s often caused by an external injury

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what are the three diffrent types of nociceptive pain?

RSV

Radicular
somatic
vicseral

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what is radicular pain?

occurs when the nerve roots are irritated

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what is somatic pain?

any of the pain receptors in your tissues, such as muscles, bone, or skin, are activated.

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what is somatic pain usually stimulated by?

movement.

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what is visceral pain?

Visceral pain happens when internal organs, such as involuntary muscles in the heart, are injured or inflamed.

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what are the characteristics of somatic pain?

sharp, throbbing, aching, and localized

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what are the characteristics of vicseral pain?

aching, and the pain may seem vague.

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what is neuropathic pain?

damage to somatosensory nervous system

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what are the characteristics of neuropathic pain?

shooting, burning, stabbing, electric shock, numbness, pins and needles

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what is phantom pains?

pain or discomfort felt in an amputated limb

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what is referred pain?

pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates

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what are the diffrent pain mechanisms?

transduction

transmission

perception

modulation

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what is transduction?

when a pain stimuli is converted into action potential

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how does transduction work?

PS–>CM–> NR–> AP

a painful stimuli causes tissue damage, then the tissue releases chemical mediators then chemical mediators activate nociceptors, and nociceptors activate an AP

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what are some examples of diffrent stimuli?

mechanical: pinch
chemical: chemical burn
thermal: hot drink spill

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what is modulation?

alteration of pain signal

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what are the diffrent types of modulation?

S, I

stimulation and inhabition

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what are the clinical manifestations of pain?

IHr,IBP, S, DP, DTF, DQOL

increased HR

increased BP

Sweating

dilated pupils

decreased function of tissue

decreased wellness/quality of life

what are complications of chronic pain?

DM, DH, DIR

decreased mobility

delayed healing

decreased immune response = more susceptible to infections

what are nonmodifiable risk factors for stroke?

G(M), IA, HOPS, FHOS

gender (male)
increasing age
history of previous strokes
fam hisotry of strokes

what are modifiable risk factors for stroke?

D, O, LPA, HSF, DL, S, AF

diabetes
obesity
low physical activity
diet high in saturated fat
dyslipidemia
smoking, cocaine, amphetamine
cvd- atrial fibrillation

what are the two diffrent kinds of stroke?

ischemic and hemorraghic

what is an ischemic stroke?

a type of stroke that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked

what are the two diffrent types of ischemic stroke?

thrombotic and embolic

what is thrombotic ischemic stroke?

type of stroke caused by a blood clot blocking an artery in the brain

what is an embolic ischemic stroke?

fragments that break from a thrombus and obstructs brain vessel causing ischemia

what is a hemorrhagic stroke?

occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures the increase of blood damages the brain

what is the cause of a hemorrhagic stroke?

aneurysm

what is a Transcient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?

an interruption of blood flow to the brain; often an early warning sign of stroke

what is ARTERiosclerosis?

hardening of the arteries

what is ATHERosclerosis?

plaque build up in the arteries

what are the clinical manifestation for stroke? | P, FD, VP, LOB, DS, H, D, C

- numbness or paralysis in one side of the body - facial drooping - vision problems - balance - difficulty speaking / understanding speech - headaches - dizziness - confusion

what are some complications of stroke? | MS, PN, DTW+BA, D, PC, ED, M

- muscle spams - permanent numbness - damage to wernicke's and Brocas area - dysphagia - personality changes - emotional disturbances - memory

What are spincal cord injuries characterized by?

partial or complete loss of function or sensation below level of injury

what are SCI in the cervical area called?

quadriplegia, complete loss of function

what are SCI in the lower cervical area called?

loss of function in trunk and lower limbs, some movement in upper limbs

what are SCI in the upper thoraic area called?

paraplegia

what are SCI in lumbar area called?

parapalegia

what can individuals with SCI in the lumbar do?

some lower limb dysfunction, difficulty w/ walking and ambulation

what happens to indivduals with saccural/ coccygeal SCI? | DBB, SD, SA

- decreased bowel and bladder control - sexual dysfunction - saddle anesthesia

what is saddle anestheia?

loss of sensation around buttocks, inner thighs, and perineum

what are the complications of a SCI? | SS, NS, ADR

spinal shock neurogenic shock autonomic dysreflexia

what is spinal shock?

transient condition that develops immediately after a spinal cord injury

what are the clinical manifestations of spinal shock | LOF, FP, LOT, RBI

loss of function flaccid paralysis loss of tendon sphincter reflexes below the site on injury

what is neurogenic shock?

damage to sympathetic NS unopposed parasympathetic NS

what are the clinical manifestations of neurogenic shock? | LBP, BC, VC

low blood pressure bradycardia vasodilation

what is Autonomic Dysreflexia?

involves uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons

Spinal cord injury occurs in two phases. Primary and secondary injury. What is the difference between the two injuries?

The primary injury refers to the direct trauma and damage of the spinal cord; penetration, dissection, or compression of the cord from a trauma such as a car accident, fall, or stab/bullet wound. The secondary injury refers to the progressive damage that occurs from the original trauma.