Exam 2- Neuro and Pain Flashcards
what is the etiology of pain?
potential or actual tissue damage
what are the diffrent kinds of pain someone can experience?
NO, Ne, P, R
- nociceptive
- Neuropathic
- phantom
- referred
what is nociceptive pain?
pain caused by damage to body tissue. Nociceptive pain feels sharp, aching, or throbbing. It’s often caused by an external injury
what are the three diffrent types of nociceptive pain?
RSV
- Radicular
- somatic
- vicseral
what is radicular pain?
occurs when the nerve roots are irritated
what is somatic pain?
any of the pain receptors in your tissues, such as muscles, bone, or skin, are activated.
what is somatic pain usually stimulated by?
movement.
what is visceral pain?
Visceral pain happens when internal organs, such as involuntary muscles in the heart, are injured or inflamed.
what are the characteristics of somatic pain?
sharp, throbbing, aching, and localized
what are the characteristics of vicseral pain?
aching, and the pain may seem vague.
what is neuropathic pain?
damage to somatosensory nervous system
what are the characteristics of neuropathic pain?
shooting, burning, stabbing, electric shock, numbness, pins and needles
what is phantom pains?
pain or discomfort felt in an amputated limb
what is referred pain?
pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates
what are the diffrent pain mechanisms?
transduction
transmission
perception
modulation
what is transduction?
when a pain stimuli is converted into action potential
how does transduction work?
PS–>CM–> NR–> AP
a painful stimuli causes tissue damage, then the tissue releases chemical mediators then chemical mediators activate nociceptors, and nociceptors activate an AP
what are some examples of diffrent stimuli?
- mechanical: pinch
- chemical: chemical burn
- thermal: hot drink spill
what is modulation?
alteration of pain signal
what are the diffrent types of modulation?
S, I
stimulation and inhabition
what are the clinical manifestations of pain?
IHr,IBP, S, DP, DTF, DQOL
increased HR
increased BP
Sweating
dilated pupils
decreased function of tissue
decreased wellness/quality of life
what are complications of chronic pain?
DM, DH, DIR
decreased mobility
delayed healing
decreased immune response = more susceptible to infections
what are nonmodifiable risk factors for stroke?
G(M), IA, HOPS, FHOS
- gender (male)
- increasing age
- history of previous strokes
- fam hisotry of strokes
what are modifiable risk factors for stroke?
D, O, LPA, HSF, DL, S, AF
- diabetes
- obesity
- low physical activity
- diet high in saturated fat
- dyslipidemia
- smoking, cocaine, amphetamine
- cvd- atrial fibrillation
what are the two diffrent kinds of stroke?
ischemic and hemorraghic
what is an ischemic stroke?
a type of stroke that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked
what are the two diffrent types of ischemic stroke?
thrombotic and embolic
what is thrombotic ischemic stroke?
type of stroke caused by a blood clot blocking an artery in the brain
what is an embolic ischemic stroke?
fragments that break from a thrombus and obstructs brain vessel causing ischemia
what is a hemorrhagic stroke?
occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures the increase of blood damages the brain
what is the cause of a hemorrhagic stroke?
aneurysm
what is a Transcient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?
an interruption of blood flow to the brain; often an early warning sign of stroke
what is ARTERiosclerosis?
hardening of the arteries
what is ATHERosclerosis?
plaque build up in the arteries
what are the clinical manifestation for stroke?
P, FD, VP, LOB, DS, H, D, C
- numbness or paralysis in one side of the body
- facial drooping
- vision problems
- balance
- difficulty speaking / understanding speech
- headaches
- dizziness
- confusion
what are some complications of stroke?
MS, PN, DTW+BA, D, PC, ED, M
- muscle spams
- permanent numbness
- damage to wernicke’s and Brocas area
- dysphagia
- personality changes
- emotional disturbances
- memory
What are spincal cord injuries characterized by?
partial or complete loss of function or sensation below level of injury
what are SCI in the cervical area called?
quadriplegia, complete loss of function
what are SCI in the lower cervical area called?
loss of function in trunk and lower limbs, some movement in upper limbs
what are SCI in the upper thoraic area called?
paraplegia
what are SCI in lumbar area called?
parapalegia
what can individuals with SCI in the lumbar do?
some lower limb dysfunction, difficulty w/ walking and ambulation
what happens to indivduals with saccural/ coccygeal SCI?
DBB, SD, SA
- decreased bowel and bladder control
- sexual dysfunction
- saddle anesthesia
what is saddle anestheia?
loss of sensation around buttocks, inner thighs, and perineum
what are the complications of a SCI?
SS, NS, ADR
spinal shock
neurogenic shock
autonomic dysreflexia
what is spinal shock?
transient condition that develops immediately after a spinal cord injury
what are the clinical manifestations of spinal shock
LOF, FP, LOT, RBI
loss of function
flaccid paralysis
loss of tendon
sphincter reflexes below the site on injury
what is neurogenic shock?
damage to sympathetic NS
unopposed parasympathetic NS
what are the clinical manifestations of neurogenic shock?
LBP, BC, VC
low blood pressure
bradycardia
vasodilation
what is Autonomic Dysreflexia?
involves uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons
Spinal cord injury occurs in two phases. Primary and secondary injury. What is the difference between the two injuries?
The primary injury refers to the direct trauma and damage of the spinal cord; penetration, dissection, or compression of the cord from a trauma such as a car accident, fall, or stab/bullet wound. The secondary injury refers to the progressive damage that occurs from the original trauma.
