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Pathophysiology > Exam 2- Neuro and Pain > Flashcards

Exam 2- Neuro and Pain Flashcards

1
Q

what is the etiology of pain?

A

potential or actual tissue damage

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2
Q

what are the diffrent kinds of pain someone can experience?

NO, Ne, P, R

A
  • nociceptive
  • Neuropathic
  • phantom
  • referred
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3
Q

what is nociceptive pain?

A

pain caused by damage to body tissue. Nociceptive pain feels sharp, aching, or throbbing. It’s often caused by an external injury

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4
Q

what are the three diffrent types of nociceptive pain?

RSV

A
  • Radicular
  • somatic
  • vicseral
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5
Q

what is radicular pain?

A

occurs when the nerve roots are irritated

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6
Q

what is somatic pain?

A

any of the pain receptors in your tissues, such as muscles, bone, or skin, are activated.

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7
Q

what is somatic pain usually stimulated by?

A

movement.

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8
Q

what is visceral pain?

A

Visceral pain happens when internal organs, such as involuntary muscles in the heart, are injured or inflamed.

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9
Q

what are the characteristics of somatic pain?

A

sharp, throbbing, aching, and localized

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10
Q

what are the characteristics of vicseral pain?

A

aching, and the pain may seem vague.

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11
Q

what is neuropathic pain?

A

damage to somatosensory nervous system

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12
Q

what are the characteristics of neuropathic pain?

A

shooting, burning, stabbing, electric shock, numbness, pins and needles

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13
Q

what is phantom pains?

A

pain or discomfort felt in an amputated limb

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14
Q

what is referred pain?

A

pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates

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15
Q

what are the diffrent pain mechanisms?

A

transduction

transmission

perception

modulation

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16
Q

what is transduction?

A

when a pain stimuli is converted into action potential

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17
Q

how does transduction work?

PS–>CM–> NR–> AP

A

a painful stimuli causes tissue damage, then the tissue releases chemical mediators then chemical mediators activate nociceptors, and nociceptors activate an AP

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18
Q

what are some examples of diffrent stimuli?

A
  • mechanical: pinch
  • chemical: chemical burn
  • thermal: hot drink spill
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19
Q

what is modulation?

A

alteration of pain signal

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20
Q

what are the diffrent types of modulation?

S, I

A

stimulation and inhabition

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21
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of pain?

IHr,IBP, S, DP, DTF, DQOL

A

increased HR

increased BP

Sweating

dilated pupils

decreased function of tissue

decreased wellness/quality of life

22
Q

what are complications of chronic pain?

DM, DH, DIR

A

decreased mobility

delayed healing

decreased immune response = more susceptible to infections

23
Q

what are nonmodifiable risk factors for stroke?

G(M), IA, HOPS, FHOS

A
  • gender (male)
  • increasing age
  • history of previous strokes
  • fam hisotry of strokes
24
Q

what are modifiable risk factors for stroke?

D, O, LPA, HSF, DL, S, AF

A
  • diabetes
  • obesity
  • low physical activity
  • diet high in saturated fat
  • dyslipidemia
  • smoking, cocaine, amphetamine
  • cvd- atrial fibrillation
25
Q

what are the two diffrent kinds of stroke?

A

ischemic and hemorraghic

26
Q

what is an ischemic stroke?

A

a type of stroke that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked

27
Q

what are the two diffrent types of ischemic stroke?

A

thrombotic and embolic

28
Q

what is thrombotic ischemic stroke?

A

type of stroke caused by a blood clot blocking an artery in the brain

29
Q

what is an embolic ischemic stroke?

A

fragments that break from a thrombus and obstructs brain vessel causing ischemia

30
Q

what is a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures the increase of blood damages the brain

31
Q

what is the cause of a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

aneurysm

32
Q

what is a Transcient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?

A

an interruption of blood flow to the brain; often an early warning sign of stroke

33
Q

what is ARTERiosclerosis?

A

hardening of the arteries

34
Q

what is ATHERosclerosis?

A

plaque build up in the arteries

35
Q

what are the clinical manifestation for stroke?

P, FD, VP, LOB, DS, H, D, C

A
  • numbness or paralysis in one side of the body
  • facial drooping
  • vision problems
  • balance
  • difficulty speaking / understanding speech
  • headaches
  • dizziness
  • confusion
36
Q

what are some complications of stroke?

MS, PN, DTW+BA, D, PC, ED, M

A
  • muscle spams
  • permanent numbness
  • damage to wernicke’s and Brocas area
  • dysphagia
  • personality changes
  • emotional disturbances
  • memory
37
Q

What are spincal cord injuries characterized by?

A

partial or complete loss of function or sensation below level of injury

38
Q

what are SCI in the cervical area called?

A

quadriplegia, complete loss of function

39
Q

what are SCI in the lower cervical area called?

A

loss of function in trunk and lower limbs, some movement in upper limbs

40
Q

what are SCI in the upper thoraic area called?

A

paraplegia

41
Q

what are SCI in lumbar area called?

A

parapalegia

42
Q

what can individuals with SCI in the lumbar do?

A

some lower limb dysfunction, difficulty w/ walking and ambulation

43
Q

what happens to indivduals with saccural/ coccygeal SCI?

DBB, SD, SA

A
  • decreased bowel and bladder control
  • sexual dysfunction
  • saddle anesthesia
44
Q

what is saddle anestheia?

A

loss of sensation around buttocks, inner thighs, and perineum

45
Q

what are the complications of a SCI?

SS, NS, ADR

A

spinal shock

neurogenic shock

autonomic dysreflexia

46
Q

what is spinal shock?

A

transient condition that develops immediately after a spinal cord injury

47
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of spinal shock

LOF, FP, LOT, RBI

A

loss of function

flaccid paralysis

loss of tendon
sphincter reflexes below the site on injury

48
Q

what is neurogenic shock?

A

damage to sympathetic NS

unopposed parasympathetic NS

49
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of neurogenic shock?

LBP, BC, VC

A

low blood pressure

bradycardia

vasodilation

50
Q

what is Autonomic Dysreflexia?

A

involves uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons

51
Q

Spinal cord injury occurs in two phases. Primary and secondary injury. What is the difference between the two injuries?

A

The primary injury refers to the direct trauma and damage of the spinal cord; penetration, dissection, or compression of the cord from a trauma such as a car accident, fall, or stab/bullet wound. The secondary injury refers to the progressive damage that occurs from the original trauma.

Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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