Final Exam Lecture 2 Flashcards
Define Filtration
*Which side of the Capillary is this seen usually
Fluid leaving the capillary
*Arteriole Side
Define Reabsorption
*Which side of the capillary is this usually seen
Fluid Entering the Capillary
*The Venule side
In terms of blood pressure, structures more upstream to our vascular resistance source, such as the Aorta, L Ventricle, and Large Arteries, have a higher or lower BP?
Higher BP
In terms of blood pressure, structures more downstream to our vascular resistance source, such as Veins, have a higher or lower BP?
Lower BP
What structures are measured in terms of vascular resistance?
Small Arteries and Arterioles
As blood moves through an area of higher resistance, what happens to the blood pressure?
Blood Pressure is reduced/decreases
As blood moves through an area of low resistance, what happens to blood pressure?
Blood Pressure is Increased
True or False: Blood Pressure and Resistance are inversely proportional
True
What is the Main reason the Blood Pressure drops when blood flows from the Large Arteries to the capillaries?
*What is the 2nd reason
D/t the Increased Vascular Resistance it encounters
*2nd - More systems of parallel, so more areas of blood to flow the further you get away from the heart
What structures do pressors work on, per lecture?
Arterioles and Small Arteries
How does Dr. Schmidt describe the kidney?
Big ball of blood vessels
What structure is the main source for where nutrient delivery and removing waste products occur?
Capillaries
What structure controls blood flow through the capillaries?
*How does it do this
Arterioles by smooth muscle cells
About how many layers thick are small arteries/arterioles?
4 layers thick smooth muscle
What is nutrient delivery and waste removal dependent on?
Metabolic Rate of Tissue
Is Blood Flow Velocity High or Low in the Aorta?
*Why
High Velocity
*only 1 Aorta, and 5 L/min has to flow through a 4.5cm sq. cross sectional area
*small radius, small diameter, between flow and chokepoint, small cross-section
What is the Aorta’s X-Sectional Area and how wide is the internal diameter?
4.5 cm Sq. and 2.5 cm
Name the 2 Venae Cavae
*What are they and what do they do
*Tell me their X-Sectional Area Total/ Each
*Tell me their internal diameter
Superior and Inferior
*Large Veins that bring blood back to the heart
*18 cm Sq. Total = 9 cm Sq. Each
*3 cm
Compared to the Aorta, is blood flow velocity higher or lower in the Venae Cavae?
*Why
Lower Blood Flow Velocity
*2 of them and increased X-Section area
In general, the increased amount of X-sectional area does what to the blood velocity?
Decreased velocity, as more area for blood to flow through
Which Structure regulates SVR and Blood Flow thru the tissue beds?
Arterioles
True or False: Arterioles have decreased wall thickness to internal diameter ratio
False
*Arterioles have an increased wall thickness to internal diameter ratio
Which has thicker walls: Capillaries or Arterioles?
*Why? What is each thickness
Arterioles are thicker
*Arterioles - 4 Layers thick
*Capillaries - 1 Endothelial Layer thick
True or False: Capillaries use smooth muscle to contract and relax?
False; Capillaries do not have smooth muscle
What makes Capillaries good candidates for Filtration and Reabsorption
Thinner walls, so less barrier
Per Lecture, fastest to slowest velocities out of these structures: Capillaries, Aorta, Veins
Aorta, Veins, Capillaries
What is the internal diameter and X-Section of the Aorta?
2.5 cm and 4.5 cm Sq.
What is the X-Section of the Capillaries
4500 cm Sq.
What is the X-Section of each Vena Cava?
*Combined?
9 cm Sq. Each
18 cm Sq. total
What is the Arterial End of a Peripheral Capillary BP?
30 mmHg
What is the Venous End of a Peripheral Capillary BP?
10 mmHg
What does Delta P determine, per lecture?
*Peripheral Capillary Delta P
Fluid moving thru the capillary
*20 mmHg
Per Lecture, what is a normal Aortic BP
100 mmHg
What is the main reason that the BP in the Aorta drops when it reaches the Capillaries?
Increased Vascular Resistance
What would happen if your Delta P was 0 mmHg?
The fluid would not move
*Delta P is what drives flow of fluid from arteriole to venous end
Between Filtration and Reabsorption, which does the arteriole end favor?
Filtration
Between Filtration and Reabsorption, which does the venous end favor?
Reabsorption
Per Lecture, name 3 proteins that affect the Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Proteoglycan Filaments, Hyaluronic Acid, Collagen
If the rest of the body is not functioning properly, how far can the Lymphatics up their rate?
20-40 fold
Per lecture, what do the Lymphatics have trouble scavenging?
*What are they good at scavenging?
Have trouble scavenging proteins
*Good at scavenging excess fluid in the interstitial space
What are the 4 Primary Capillary Starling Forces
- Hydrostatic Capillary Pressure
- Hydrostatic Interstital Fluid Pressure
- Capillary Colloid Osmotic Pressure/Plasma Oncotic Pressure
- Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure
What are 2 other names for Hydrostatic Capillary Pressure?
*What is the abbreviation
Hydraulic Pressure or Physical Fluid Pressure
*Pcap
What is Hydrostatic Capillary Pressure?
*Give 2 Values
Blood Pressure in the Capillary
*30 mmHg and 10 mmHg
What is Hydrostatic ISF Pressure?
*Give a normal Value
Pressure outside the capillary, specifically in the ISF
*Normal = -3mmHg
What happens if your Hydrostatic ISF Pressure is (+)?
It would oppose capillary filtration or promote reabsorption
If you have excess fluid in the interstitial area, what helps remove the fluid?
The Lymphatics
Per Lecture, what is Capillary Colloid Osmotic Pressure?
*Another name for it
*Normal Value
*Abbreviation
The osmotic effects of dissolved proteins inside of the capillary
*Plasma Oncotic Pressure
*28 mmHg
*𝛑CAP
Name 2 pathological ways Plasma Oncotic Pressure can be decreased?
Hemorrhage and Liver Failure
What is the MAIN reason Plasma Oncotic Pressure would be decreased with “holes” in the Capillaries?
*2nd Reason
*Give Pathologic Example
- Cells more permeable to proteins leaving
- Colloids can escape out of the “holes”
*Sepsis
What is Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure
*Normal Value
*Abbreviation
The osmotic effects of dissolved proteins outside of the capillary
*8 mmHg
*𝛑ISF
Name 3 Ways 𝛑ISF can be increased?
*What value would indicate this
*What would you see in the Pt
Damage, Trauma, Infection
*>8mmHg
*Edema
How does the body get rid of extra proteins and fluids in the ISF?
Lymphatic system can rid excess fluid but not much excess proteins
What do Lymphatics rely on to increase rate of action?
*How to increase if in hospital, per lecture
Muscle movement
*SCDs
How to slow Lymphatic Rate of Action?
Being immobile, as lymphatics rely on muscle movement to increase rate of action
What is the Capillary Permeability Coefficient?
*Is this primary or secondary
*Abbreviation
More fluid based permeability, rather than protein permeability; also talks about Surface Area
*Secondary
*Kf
In general, if we have increased Surface Area, how is movement in terms of Capillary Permeability Coefficient
More movement
What type of membrane does Osmotic Pressure Rely on?
Semi-Permeable Membrane
In general, if we have decreased Surface Area, how is movement in terms of Capillary Permeability Coefficient
Less movement
What 3 Proteins Make up the Bulk of Capillary Oncotic Pressure
*In order w/ total pressure of Oncotic Pressure
Albumin
Immunoglobulins
Fibrinogen
*28 mmHg
What is the average overall Capillary Blood Pressure
*Why is it not 20 mmHg?
17.3 mmHg
*Capillaries get larger towards the end, so the pressure drops a little bit
What is the Net Filtration Pressure throughout the entire capillary?
0.3 mmHg
In the Lymphatic System, where does the excess fluid collect?
Lymph Nodes
Name 2 1-Way Valve Systems
Veins and Lymphatics
Where does Lymphatic fluid get returned to the CV system?
At the top of the thorax via lymphatic ducts
In general, name 3 things Capillaries are easily permeable to, per lecture
H2O, NaCl
What specific capillary system does NaCl have trouble getting through?
BBB
In general, the larger the MW, the _ permeable in the capillaries?
Less
Name 2 Larger molecules that are less permeable than NaCl
*Why
Glucose and Albumin
*Much Larger
What does Glucose rely on to get through the BBB?
Glucose Transporters
In the Arterial End of the Capillary, what forces favor Filtration?
*Include Numbers
Hydrostatic Pressure - 30 mmHg
Hydrostatic Pressure in ISF - 3 mmHg
Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure - 8 mmHg
In the Arterial End of the Capillary, what force opposes Filtration?
*Include Numbers
Capillary Colloid Osmotic Pressure/ Plasma Oncotic Pressure - 28 mmHg
In the Venous End of the Capillary, what forces favor Filtration?
*Include Numbers
Hydrostatic Pressure - 10 mmHg
Hydrostatic Pressure in ISF - 3 mmHg
Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure - 8 mmHg
In the Venous End of the Capillary, what force opposes Filtration?
*Include Numbers
Capillary Colloid Osmotic Pressure/ Plasma Oncotic Pressure - 28 mmHg
What is the Net Filtration Pressure of the Arterial Side of the Capillary
13 mmHg
What is the Net Filtration Pressure of the Venous Side of the Capillary
-7mmHg
Since the Arterial End favors more Filtration than the Venous side Favors Reabsorption, what happens to the excess fluid removed to avoid edema?
Scavenged by the Lymphatic System
What is the normal MAP of the Renal Artery
100 mmHg
What is the normal Pressure of the Renal Vein
0 mmHg
What happens to blood pressure as it goes thru the organ?
*Why
Decreases as it meets more vascular resistance
Where is the Afferent Arteriole Located?
*What do they determine, per lecture
Right in front of the Glomerular Capillaries
*Determine Pressure going into the glomerular capillaries, which determines filtration rate
What is the reasoning for drop in BP from the Renal Artery to the Glomerular Capillaries?
The afferent arterioles have high vascular resistance
What does the BP drop from going from the Renal Artery to the Glomerular Capillaries?
100 mmHg to 60 mmHg
What is a normal BP in the Glomerular Capillaries?
*What does this allow for?
60 mmHg
*Since 2x as high as a normal capillary, allows for higher filtration rate/more filtration
What is the 1st set of capillaries in the Kidney?
Glomerular Capillaries
Per lecture, what is a normal GFR?
125 mL/min
What is GFR?
The rate at which all glomerular capillaries are filtrating
Name 2 things in the kidney that are not normally filtrated due to larger size, per lecture
RBC and Proteins
