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A&P 1 > Final Exam Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Final Exam Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Filtration
*Which side of the Capillary is this seen usually

A

Fluid leaving the capillary
*Arteriole Side

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2
Q

Define Reabsorption
*Which side of the capillary is this usually seen

A

Fluid Entering the Capillary
*The Venule side

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3
Q

In terms of blood pressure, structures more upstream to our vascular resistance source, such as the Aorta, L Ventricle, and Large Arteries, have a higher or lower BP?

A

Higher BP

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4
Q

In terms of blood pressure, structures more downstream to our vascular resistance source, such as Veins, have a higher or lower BP?

A

Lower BP

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5
Q

What structures are measured in terms of vascular resistance?

A

Small Arteries and Arterioles

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6
Q

As blood moves through an area of higher resistance, what happens to the blood pressure?

A

Blood Pressure is reduced/decreases

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7
Q

As blood moves through an area of low resistance, what happens to blood pressure?

A

Blood Pressure is Increased

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8
Q

True or False: Blood Pressure and Resistance are inversely proportional

A

True

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9
Q

What is the Main reason the Blood Pressure drops when blood flows from the Large Arteries to the capillaries?
*What is the 2nd reason

A

D/t the Increased Vascular Resistance it encounters
*2nd - More systems of parallel, so more areas of blood to flow the further you get away from the heart

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10
Q

What structures do pressors work on, per lecture?

A

Arterioles and Small Arteries

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11
Q

How does Dr. Schmidt describe the kidney?

A

Big ball of blood vessels

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12
Q

What structure is the main source for where nutrient delivery and removing waste products occur?

A

Capillaries

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13
Q

What structure controls blood flow through the capillaries?
*How does it do this

A

Arterioles by smooth muscle cells

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14
Q

About how many layers thick are small arteries/arterioles?

A

4 layers thick smooth muscle

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15
Q

What is nutrient delivery and waste removal dependent on?

A

Metabolic Rate of Tissue

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16
Q

Is Blood Flow Velocity High or Low in the Aorta?
*Why

A

High Velocity
*only 1 Aorta, and 5 L/min has to flow through a 4.5cm sq. cross sectional area
*small radius, small diameter, between flow and chokepoint, small cross-section

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17
Q

What is the Aorta’s X-Sectional Area and how wide is the internal diameter?

A

4.5 cm Sq. and 2.5 cm

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18
Q

Name the 2 Venae Cavae
*What are they and what do they do
*Tell me their X-Sectional Area Total/ Each
*Tell me their internal diameter

A

Superior and Inferior
*Large Veins that bring blood back to the heart
*18 cm Sq. Total = 9 cm Sq. Each
*3 cm

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19
Q

Compared to the Aorta, is blood flow velocity higher or lower in the Venae Cavae?
*Why

A

Lower Blood Flow Velocity
*2 of them and increased X-Section area

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20
Q

In general, the increased amount of X-sectional area does what to the blood velocity?

A

Decreased velocity, as more area for blood to flow through

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21
Q

Which Structure regulates SVR and Blood Flow thru the tissue beds?

A

Arterioles

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22
Q

True or False: Arterioles have decreased wall thickness to internal diameter ratio

A

False
*Arterioles have an increased wall thickness to internal diameter ratio

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23
Q

Which has thicker walls: Capillaries or Arterioles?
*Why? What is each thickness

A

Arterioles are thicker
*Arterioles - 4 Layers thick
*Capillaries - 1 Endothelial Layer thick

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24
Q

True or False: Capillaries use smooth muscle to contract and relax?

A

False; Capillaries do not have smooth muscle

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25
Q

What makes Capillaries good candidates for Filtration and Reabsorption

A

Thinner walls, so less barrier

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26
Q

Per Lecture, fastest to slowest velocities out of these structures: Capillaries, Aorta, Veins

A

Aorta, Veins, Capillaries

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27
Q

What is the internal diameter and X-Section of the Aorta?

A

2.5 cm and 4.5 cm Sq.

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28
Q

What is the X-Section of the Capillaries

A

4500 cm Sq.

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29
Q

What is the X-Section of each Vena Cava?
*Combined?

A

9 cm Sq. Each
18 cm Sq. total

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30
Q

What is the Arterial End of a Peripheral Capillary BP?

A

30 mmHg

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31
Q

What is the Venous End of a Peripheral Capillary BP?

A

10 mmHg

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32
Q

What does Delta P determine, per lecture?
*Peripheral Capillary Delta P

A

Fluid moving thru the capillary
*20 mmHg

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33
Q

Per Lecture, what is a normal Aortic BP

A

100 mmHg

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34
Q

What is the main reason that the BP in the Aorta drops when it reaches the Capillaries?

A

Increased Vascular Resistance

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35
Q

What would happen if your Delta P was 0 mmHg?

A

The fluid would not move
*Delta P is what drives flow of fluid from arteriole to venous end

36
Q

Between Filtration and Reabsorption, which does the arteriole end favor?

A

Filtration

37
Q

Between Filtration and Reabsorption, which does the venous end favor?

A

Reabsorption

38
Q

Per Lecture, name 3 proteins that affect the Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure

A

Proteoglycan Filaments, Hyaluronic Acid, Collagen

39
Q

If the rest of the body is not functioning properly, how far can the Lymphatics up their rate?

A

20-40 fold

40
Q

Per lecture, what do the Lymphatics have trouble scavenging?
*What are they good at scavenging?

A

Have trouble scavenging proteins
*Good at scavenging excess fluid in the interstitial space

41
Q

What are the 4 Primary Capillary Starling Forces

A
  1. Hydrostatic Capillary Pressure
  2. Hydrostatic Interstital Fluid Pressure
  3. Capillary Colloid Osmotic Pressure/Plasma Oncotic Pressure
  4. Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure
42
Q

What are 2 other names for Hydrostatic Capillary Pressure?
*What is the abbreviation

A

Hydraulic Pressure or Physical Fluid Pressure
*Pcap

43
Q

What is Hydrostatic Capillary Pressure?
*Give 2 Values

A

Blood Pressure in the Capillary
*30 mmHg and 10 mmHg

44
Q

What is Hydrostatic ISF Pressure?
*Give a normal Value

A

Pressure outside the capillary, specifically in the ISF
*Normal = -3mmHg

45
Q

What happens if your Hydrostatic ISF Pressure is (+)?

A

It would oppose capillary filtration or promote reabsorption

46
Q

If you have excess fluid in the interstitial area, what helps remove the fluid?

A

The Lymphatics

47
Q

Per Lecture, what is Capillary Colloid Osmotic Pressure?
*Another name for it
*Normal Value
*Abbreviation

A

The osmotic effects of dissolved proteins inside of the capillary
*Plasma Oncotic Pressure
*28 mmHg
*𝛑CAP

48
Q

Name 2 pathological ways Plasma Oncotic Pressure can be decreased?

A

Hemorrhage and Liver Failure

49
Q

What is the MAIN reason Plasma Oncotic Pressure would be decreased with “holes” in the Capillaries?
*2nd Reason
*Give Pathologic Example

A
  1. Cells more permeable to proteins leaving
  2. Colloids can escape out of the “holes”
    *Sepsis
50
Q

What is Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure
*Normal Value
*Abbreviation

A

The osmotic effects of dissolved proteins outside of the capillary
*8 mmHg
*𝛑ISF

51
Q

Name 3 Ways 𝛑ISF can be increased?
*What value would indicate this
*What would you see in the Pt

A

Damage, Trauma, Infection
*>8mmHg
*Edema

52
Q

How does the body get rid of extra proteins and fluids in the ISF?

A

Lymphatic system can rid excess fluid but not much excess proteins

53
Q

What do Lymphatics rely on to increase rate of action?
*How to increase if in hospital, per lecture

A

Muscle movement
*SCDs

54
Q

How to slow Lymphatic Rate of Action?

A

Being immobile, as lymphatics rely on muscle movement to increase rate of action

55
Q

What is the Capillary Permeability Coefficient?
*Is this primary or secondary
*Abbreviation

A

More fluid based permeability, rather than protein permeability; also talks about Surface Area
*Secondary
*Kf

56
Q

In general, if we have increased Surface Area, how is movement in terms of Capillary Permeability Coefficient

A

More movement

57
Q

What type of membrane does Osmotic Pressure Rely on?

A

Semi-Permeable Membrane

57
Q

In general, if we have decreased Surface Area, how is movement in terms of Capillary Permeability Coefficient

A

Less movement

58
Q

What 3 Proteins Make up the Bulk of Capillary Oncotic Pressure
*In order w/ total pressure of Oncotic Pressure

A

Albumin
Immunoglobulins
Fibrinogen
*28 mmHg

59
Q

What is the average overall Capillary Blood Pressure
*Why is it not 20 mmHg?

A

17.3 mmHg
*Capillaries get larger towards the end, so the pressure drops a little bit

60
Q

What is the Net Filtration Pressure throughout the entire capillary?

A

0.3 mmHg

61
Q

In the Lymphatic System, where does the excess fluid collect?

A

Lymph Nodes

62
Q

Name 2 1-Way Valve Systems

A

Veins and Lymphatics

63
Q

Where does Lymphatic fluid get returned to the CV system?

A

At the top of the thorax via lymphatic ducts

64
Q

In general, name 3 things Capillaries are easily permeable to, per lecture

A

H2O, NaCl

65
Q

What specific capillary system does NaCl have trouble getting through?

A

BBB

66
Q

In general, the larger the MW, the _ permeable in the capillaries?

A

Less

67
Q

Name 2 Larger molecules that are less permeable than NaCl
*Why

A

Glucose and Albumin
*Much Larger

68
Q

What does Glucose rely on to get through the BBB?

A

Glucose Transporters

69
Q

In the Arterial End of the Capillary, what forces favor Filtration?
*Include Numbers

A

Hydrostatic Pressure - 30 mmHg
Hydrostatic Pressure in ISF - 3 mmHg
Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure - 8 mmHg

70
Q

In the Arterial End of the Capillary, what force opposes Filtration?
*Include Numbers

A

Capillary Colloid Osmotic Pressure/ Plasma Oncotic Pressure - 28 mmHg

71
Q

In the Venous End of the Capillary, what forces favor Filtration?
*Include Numbers

A

Hydrostatic Pressure - 10 mmHg
Hydrostatic Pressure in ISF - 3 mmHg
Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure - 8 mmHg

72
Q

In the Venous End of the Capillary, what force opposes Filtration?
*Include Numbers

A

Capillary Colloid Osmotic Pressure/ Plasma Oncotic Pressure - 28 mmHg

73
Q

What is the Net Filtration Pressure of the Arterial Side of the Capillary

A

13 mmHg

74
Q

What is the Net Filtration Pressure of the Venous Side of the Capillary

A

-7mmHg

75
Q

Since the Arterial End favors more Filtration than the Venous side Favors Reabsorption, what happens to the excess fluid removed to avoid edema?

A

Scavenged by the Lymphatic System

76
Q

What is the normal MAP of the Renal Artery

A

100 mmHg

77
Q

What is the normal Pressure of the Renal Vein

A

0 mmHg

78
Q

What happens to blood pressure as it goes thru the organ?
*Why

A

Decreases as it meets more vascular resistance

79
Q

Where is the Afferent Arteriole Located?
*What do they determine, per lecture

A

Right in front of the Glomerular Capillaries
*Determine Pressure going into the glomerular capillaries, which determines filtration rate

80
Q

What is the reasoning for drop in BP from the Renal Artery to the Glomerular Capillaries?

A

The afferent arterioles have high vascular resistance

81
Q

What does the BP drop from going from the Renal Artery to the Glomerular Capillaries?

A

100 mmHg to 60 mmHg

82
Q

What is a normal BP in the Glomerular Capillaries?
*What does this allow for?

A

60 mmHg
*Since 2x as high as a normal capillary, allows for higher filtration rate/more filtration

83
Q

What is the 1st set of capillaries in the Kidney?

A

Glomerular Capillaries

84
Q

Per lecture, what is a normal GFR?

A

125 mL/min

85
Q

What is GFR?

A

The rate at which all glomerular capillaries are filtrating

86
Q

Name 2 things in the kidney that are not normally filtrated due to larger size, per lecture

A

RBC and Proteins

A&P 1 (24 decks)

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