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A&P 1 > Exam 4 Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the thin, elastic, stretchy connective tissue that is clear and surrounds the heart called?

A

Visceral Pericardial Layer

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2
Q

What type of triangle does Einthoven’s Law apply to?

A

An equilateral triangle

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3
Q

Where are the bundle branches located?

A

Interventricular Septum

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4
Q

In which type of refractory period will bidirectional electrical firing cause conduction and pumping issues?

A

Relative Refractory Period b/c able to fire an AP

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5
Q

In an AP, what is the safety mechanism the heart uses?

A

The refractory Period

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6
Q

Why are Gap Junctions effective in cardiac tissue?

A

They are very fast due to Na+ influx and some Ca++ influx

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7
Q

If you only had Ca++ come in during an AP, would it be faster or slower than a normal Na+ AP?

A

Slower

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8
Q

Where are all the 3 Lead EKG Electrodes Placed

A

2 (+) on L Leg
2(-) on R arm
1 (+), 1(-) on L Arm

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9
Q

If your electrical axis is pointed towards the R foot, how would Lead 1 look?
*Name 2 causes

A
  • deflection [deep breath or BBB]
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10
Q

What is the View from a 3 Lead EKG

A

Frontal/Coronal Plane

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11
Q

Which Deviation of Electrical Axis will a Bundle Branch Block cause?

A

L or R

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12
Q

How does the (+) electrode work?
*How does Schmidt describe it?

A

Eyeball/sensor to see depolarization towards/away
* Current Towards + electrode: - to + = + deflection
*Current Away + electrode: + to - = - deflection

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13
Q

What direction do you turn the heart to achieve a Left Axis Deviation?

A

Rotated to the left [counterclockwise]

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14
Q

How is the Atrial P wave compared to the QRS net depolarization wave?

A

Very similar and still at 59 degrees

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15
Q

What angle is the normal mean electrical axis of the heart of depolarization?

A

59 degrees towards L foot

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16
Q

If a Pt has COPD, how would their Lead 2 look?

A

Fairly + deflection

17
Q

How do you get a negative degree in the mean electrical axis?

A

Counting counterclockwise from horizontal

18
Q

3 Lead EKG: Lead 3 Setup
*What type of View
*Electrical Axis in Degrees

A

(+) Lead in L foot
(-) Lead in L arm
*Up and Towards L arm view
*120 degrees

19
Q

What is Einthoven’s Law?

A

Lead 1 + Lead 3 = Lead 2

20
Q

What deviation will decreased lung volume cause? [pushing air out of the lungs]

A

Heart rested on L side for a L sided Deviation

21
Q

If you had a 90 degree electrical axis, what 2 leads would be the same amplitude?

A

Lead 2 and 3
Lead 1 [0] + Lead 3 = Lead 2

22
Q

What leads are in “Augmented Leads”

A

1, 2, 3, aVR, aVL, aVF

23
Q

Which lead has the largest deflections in a 59 degree angled electrical axis?
*Why

A

Lead 2 b/c it is fully “seeing” the depolarization wave

24
Q

Which directions can electrical impulses fire with Gap Junctions?
*Is this good or bad?

A

Bidirectional
*Bad, can lead to stray AP and electrical firing

25
Q

Do all leads show Q and S waves?

A

No

26
Q

3 Lead EKG: Lead 1 Setup
*What type of View
*Electrical Axis in Degrees

A

(+) Lead: L arm
(-) Lead: R Arm
*Horizontal View
*0 Degrees

27
Q

If a Pt has COPD, how will their Lead 1 look?
*Why

A

No Lead 1, as no current R to L
*COPD makes the heart Electrical Mean Axis Perpendicular at 90 degrees, so no horizontal current

28
Q

3 Lead EKG: Lead 2 Setup
*What type of View
*Electrical Axis in Degrees

A

(+) Lead in L foot
(-) Lead in R arm/shoulder
*Best View/Largest Deflections in Normal 59 degrees
*60 Degrees

29
Q

Per lecture, only 2 phases of ventricle depolarization do not result in all leads having a positive deflection. Which are they?
*Compare all leads for both

A

1.) All vent depolarized except Superior Lateral Portion
*Lead 1 = +
*Lead 2,3 = -
2.) Full ventricle depolarization = 0 deflections in all leads

30
Q

If you could see Atrial Repolarization, what kind of deflection would it be?
Why?

A

Negative deflection b/c repolarization happens in the same direction as depolarization

31
Q

Where is the Parietal Pericardium attached to?

A

the Serous Pericardial Layer
*Think parietal tissue pain

32
Q

What is a Right Deviation in Einthoven’s Triangle?

A

> 90 degrees or for our class, >59 degrees

33
Q

What deviation will taking a really deep breath cause?

A

R Axis Deviation

34
Q

What is a Left Deviation in Einthoven’s Triangle?

A

<0 degrees or for our class, <59 degrees

35
Q

Which is thicker: R ventricle wall or L ventricle wall?
*Why

A

L b/c has to pump against body
*R has to only pump against pulmonary

36
Q

What direction do you turn the heart to achieve a Right Axis Deviation?

A

Rotated to the right [clockwise]

37
Q
A

A&P 1 (21 decks)

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