Exam 1 Flashcards
Primary Anion of ECF?
Chloride (Cl-)
Drug that Inhibits COX1?
Aspirin; watch for bleeding from inhibition of TXA2 (Thrombane)
Phosphatidylserine (cytosolic)
Immune Marker; uses Flippase to send “serine” back into the cell, if it goes outside cell wall (needs ATP to accomplish this); if cell is dying/no energy, then “serine” stays outside the wall, causing an immune response (attacks and destroys whole cell); bad if the cell is healthy
What is the constant to multiply osmo by to get your total osmotic pressure?
19.3 mmHg
What is driving force?
ion is most motivated to get into cell; based off concentration gradient
Homeostasis: Energy
work, heat, potential energy
How Many Na+ molecules moved to ECF via pump?
3 Na+ molecules
Feedback in Action
SEE Compensated/Decompensated Shock
Proteins in the Cell
Passage for material to get thru cell wall; stringed AA together to get task completed; functional and structural
Na/Glucose Pump (SGLT)
Speeds up the process of getting glucose into the cell by binding it with Na+; Secondary active transport; found in Kidney
Cell Membrane
In vs Out of cell; Phospholipid Bilayer; Head = hydrophilic, Tail = hydrophobic
How to calculate Osmotic Pressure?
(280 mOsm/1L) x (19.3 mmHg) = 5400 mmHg [per chart in Lec 1]
How much blood can body lose? How much can’t it afford to lose?
20% of blood can be lost; 40% cannot = death/vicious cycle
What is conductance?
The ease @ which ions get across the cell well
Resting Membrane Potential Voltage?
-80 mV
Concentration of ICF Na and Ca, if NaK ATPase pump stops working?
Increased Na and Ca, as they cannot leave the cell via NCX (no energy since 2nd degree active transport)
What is an enzyme?
“-ase”; protein that breaks down material; speed up chemical process
Negative Feedback
Change is (-) to stimuli; change is sensed by sensors, eliciting response; Thermostat Ex: Temp increased, AC kicks on to decrease
Nucleus
Center/Brain of cell; contains DNA; 2x phosphobilayer for protection
Does depolarizing a cell make it more negative or positive?
Cell is more (+) charge; think of Na+ in action potential
Which drug class affects the action potential when it is in limbo?
“-caine”; lido, bupiv, ropiv
Normal Body Temp - per lecture
37 degrees celcius
How many cells in body? How many RBC? How often do RBC get replaced? - per lecture
35 trillion; 25 trillion; 90-120 days
Who coined the term Homeostasis?
Walter Cannon
What is Osmolality?
Quantity dissolved in 1 Kg of H2O; impractical but more accurate; impractical b/c technically solute dissolved in 1 Kg/blood, so when you draw someones blood, going to get other stuff besides pure blood
Steady State vs Equilibrium?
SS: contributes to homeostasis; refers to constant relative sustained differences (if Na is 140 ECF, Na stays 14 ICF - body keeps it constant)
Equilibrium: Equalizes the internal w external environment; can be BAD (if body temp inside was same as outside, you die)
Compensated Shock
(-) FB system works well! Body is able to return back to homeostasis
Formula for Nernst Potential?
+- 61 x log (ICF/ECF)
Nernst of Cl-?
NEED GIVEN CONCENTRATION
Sphingomyelin
precursor to myelin in nervous system
Primary Active Transport (1st degree)
Directly uses ATP
Granulated Endoplasmic Reticulum
Granulated b/c ribosomes on surface give “rough” appearance; create protein in the cells; stores Ca+
Definition of Tissues
Group of cells
How Proteins are created
DNA -> DNA Transcript-> RNA-> RNA outside nucleus-> Ribosomes (link AA to create protein)-> cytosol (part of cytoplasm)
Hyperpolarized
more polar; Cell is more (-) charge; Na+ channel is closing and K+ channel is opening slowly
Fraction of ICF/L in 100 kg man?
40L
% water of body weight in Kg for healthy 100 kg man?
60L
Definition of Homeostasis
Body’s tendency to maintain stabilized internal environment, despite internal/external factors
Fraction of ECF/L in 80 kg man?
16L
What is Osmotic Pressure?
Physical pressure required to prevent osmosis from occurring through a semipermeable membrane into an osmotic-active solution; in mmHg
What does AVP stand for?
Arginine Vasopressin
Cell Membrane vs Capillary Membrane?
Cell Membrane: Very difficult to pass; to pass, must have no charge and possibly a carrier
Capillary Membrane: allows ions to pass into CV system/plasma; HARD for proteins to leave CV system, hence increased protein in Plasma vs Interstitial fluid
What is a concentration gradient?
High–>low concentration; Ex: Na ECF 140–> ICF 14; Na wants to go IN the cell! REQUIRES ENERGY TO GO AGAINST
Primary Buffer of ECF?
HCO3
What % of energy in the cell used is from Na+K+ ATPase pump?
70%
Fraction of Extracellular Fluid and how many L in 70 kg man?
1/3 ECF, 14L
When to use “-“ in Nernst Potential?
Use “-“ when Cation; Na+, K+, Ca++
“Phosphatidyl” in Lungs?
assemble to make surfactant within the lung (important for breaking surface tension); all known lung diseases have issues with surfactant
K+ vs Na+ Resting State Cell Permeability?
K+ is 10x more permeable than Na+ at a rested state; (10:1)
Sex Hormones Created from Cholesterol?
Estradiol, Testosterone,Progesterone, Androstenedione
Insoluble Compounds
Cholesterol, steroid hormones, lipids, NO2, Propofol
Initiation of Translation Occurs @ which location?
Cytosol
Active Transport
REQUIRES ENERGY to get across chemical gradient; 1st Degree and 2nd Degree; (Think Ca+ ECF to ICF is 10,000:1, so to get Ca+ to ICF, must USE ENERGY)
What is Nernst Potential?
The voltage that will prevent ions from diffusing down their concentration gradient
What happens to the TBW of a pt if they are obese?
less water because more fat
Is Na+ Voltage Gate fast or slow?
Fast! Open and close
Unit 1 Q25: Which of the following cell organelles is responsible for producing
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell?
Mitochondria
Pores
Controls what goes in/out nucleus; body is selective; located on nuclear envelope
Ex of (-) FB
Increased BSG = Increased Insulin Production = Decreased BSG
Where is Glut-4 located?
Skeletal muscle, liver, fat
Lysosomes
Digest material in cell via acidic environment; Digest and split proteins in AA, sending them back into cytoplasm to be used elsewhere
Lipooxygenase (LO)
Enzyme that Converts Arachidonic Acid to Leukotrienes
What is Vmax?
max speed for conformational change to occur
Peroxisome
Destroy materials in cell via oxidation; Liver has an increased concentration; breaks down ethanol
“What goes in..?”
“Must come out” - Refers to Homeostasis
Heart Cells and Neurons - Per lecture
slow regeneration time and have trouble replicating
Cholesterol Metabolites
Estradiol, Testosterone, Aldosterone, Cortisol, Androstenedione, Progesterone
If Hyperkalemic, do ions move faster or slower out of the cell?
Slower! The gradient is smaller, so the K+ does not speed out of the cell
Unit 1 Q2: Most cells, except for fat cells, are composed mainly of
Water
K+ ECF vs ICF
ECF - 4; ICF x 30 - 120; Na and K pump keeps inverse between sodium and potassium
Ca++ ECF vs ICF
ECF is 10,000x more than ICF; Ca is used as on/off switch, so stays outside the cell to be used frequently
Per pump cycle, the cell loses..?
+1 Charge and 1 electrolyte (Think, 3Na+ out and 2K+ in)
Which ion has the highest driving force in a RMP of -80 mV? Na+, K+, or Ca++
Ca++; ECF to ICF is 10,000:1 concentration gradient.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth in appearance; creates lipids for the cell; stores Ca+
3 1st Degree Active Transport
Na/K ATPase pump, Ca++ pump, Proton Pump; ALL directly use ATP to get molecules across gradient
Fraction of ICF/L in 80 kg man?
32L
What is the Goldman Equation (GHK)?
Each ion gradient contributes only as the membrane is permeable to each ion; Ex: If cell is more permeable to K+, then K+ equation will dominate and show within the cell/charge of the cell
How many K molecules moved to ICF via pump?
2 K+ molecules
Ribosomes
Create the proteins for cell via code sent from nucleus; 95% on GER, 5% elsewhere
2 Secondary Active Transport Examples
Ca++/N+ Exchanger (NCX); Na/Glucose Pump (SGLT)
% of water of body weight in Kg for healthy 80kg man?
48L
Ca++ Pump
Active Transport, as directly burns ATP. 10,000:1 ECF:ICF concentration
2 gates of Na+ voltage gate: Name and function?
Activated (M) and Inactivation (H); M opens during activation, then H opens; M closes first, then H closes, sending cell back to inactive
What is equilibrium potential?
The charge inside the cell to prevent electrolytes from across the cell wall; causes a 0 net flux between ions; Ex: K+ Equilibrium potential is -90, Na+ +61
Homeostasis Examples
(1)Peripheral Circulatory Bed: Blood -> Arteriole->venule
(2)Active Cells = Increased metabolism -> increased perfusion -> increased venule flow
(3) 2 Hearts (L/R); Lungs (blood gas); GI (digest nutrients); Kidneys (generate buffers, pH lvl); Liver; Peripheral Vascular Bed
COX2 (Cyclooxygenase 2)
Enzyme; found more on sites of inflammation; greater achievement on pain if a COX2 selective drug (Naproxen); good for kidneys and helps heart in ischemic events; inhibited COX = decreased PG = Decreased pain
Enzyme in Peroxisome?
Catalase
Sugars in the Cell
“Glyco-“; energy, structural, or identify function; Located on proteins on cell wall; “sticky”; ID Tags: self vs non-self (immune system); binds to other sugars on wall to combine cells (Glycoprotein); has (-) charge, so can repel (-) charge molecules trying to attach
Fraction of Intracellular Fluid and how many L in 70kg man?
2/3 ICF, 28L
-Statin
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor that reduces amount of endogenous cholesterol created (inhibits CoA, so cholesterol is not created)
Secondary Active Transport (2nd Degree)
Relies on another pump to create energy and used ATP; does not actively use ATP
Drug that Inhibits COX2?
Naproxen; increased pain relief
Nucleus Wall
Protecting DNA from outside of the nucleus; 2x phosphobilayer
Nernst of K+?
-61 x Log (120/4) = -90 mV
Where is more DNA located, besides Nucleus?
Mitochondrial DNA - inherit all from mother
The Speed of Facilitated Diffusion Depends on 2 things:
The concentration gradient and the number of transporter receptors
Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins are: Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?
Hydrophilic
Nernst of Ca++?
-61 x Log (1/10000) = +244 mV
Positive Feedback: Pathologic
BAD; Vicious Cycle
–>(1) Sepsis/Necrosis: dying cells release stored material inside (K,waste)
–>(2) Severe Acidosis: Decreased Resp. Drive = Increased Acidosis
(3) Periph. Acidotic Condition
(4) Artheroscleric Plaque Clot
–>(5) Diabetic Renal Inflammation: nephrons die = more work for remaining; 40-45+ yrs = nephrons die (CKD, ESRD)
–>(6) Severe Hemorrhage: Decreased MAP - Decreased Coronary Blood Flow - Decreased CO - Decreased MAP
Stress Hormones Created from Cholesterol?
Cortisol, Aldosterone (Adrenal Gland)
2 ECF Compartments?
Plasma (3L) and Interstitial Fluid(11L)
Characteristics of Cholesterol?
Lipid soluble, Flat, Rigid (increased stiffness within blood vessels)
Which has more fluid? Interstitial or Plasma in ECF?
Interstitial
Protein condensation and packaging occurs @ which location?
Golgi Apparatus (GA)
Na+ ECF vs ICF; Calculate Serum Osmo from Na+
ECF: 140; ICF: 1/10 of ECF - 14; Na+ x2 = Osmo; Na and K pump keeps inverse between sodium and potassium
Facilitated Diffusion
NO ENERGY REQUIRED (goes down concentration gradient); binds to compound->goes through conformational change-> released on other side of the cell (think catch and release); Ex: Glut-4 and Glut-1; speed of process is dependent on amount of transporters and concentration gradient
Ca++/Na+ Exchanger (NCX)
Main example of 2nd active transport; uses energy built up from concentration gradient from Na/K ATPase pump; SENDS 1 Ca++ ECF for 3 Na+ ICF; BULK removal of Ca++ from cell
Inside of the Cell Electric Charge?
Negative
True or False; positive feedback usually promotes stability in a system?
False; positive feedback amplifies a stimuli that deviates away from homeostasis
Cell Polarization
Difference of charge between inside and outside of cell
Why is there a cross reactivity between cholesterol and derivatives?
Due to the similar molecular shape; Ex: Cortisol has 1 extra OH group than Aldosterone (so, very similar)
Transport Vesicles
Transport proteins from ER -> GA after being created
What is diffusion rate dependent on?
Membrane (lipid) solubility
Size of particle
# of pores
Kinetic movement (heat)
Physical pressure/electrical charge
What is Osmolarity?
Quantity dissolved in 1L of solution
% water of body weight in Kg for healthy 70kg man?
60%, 42L
The NaK ATPase Pump puts the cell at what deficit?
Loss of 1 electrolyte and loss of +1 Charge (this makes the i/s of the cell negative)
Unit 1 Q13:Which statement is incorrect?
A) The term “homeostasis” describes the maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the body
B) In most diseases, homeostatic mechanisms are no longer operating in the body
C) The body’s compensatory mechanisms often lead to deviations from the normal range in some of the body’s functions
D) Disease is generally considered to be a state of disrupted homeostasis
B; even in diseases, homeostasis is still trying to be achieved by the body
Repolarization in terms of voltage gates?
Na+ channel begins to close and K moves out of cell slowly
Why does the cell have a negative RMP?
Cell at resting state is more permeable to K+; K has a 10:1 intracellular ratio to Na+; Nernst of K+ is -90
If a patient’s Plasma volume is 3L, how much does the patient weigh?
Decompensated Shock
(-) FB is insufficient; (+) FB leads to death/vicious cycle
Cholesterol @ 37C vs <37C
@ 37C - Decreased Fluidity (rigid)
<37C - Increased Fluidity (smooth- think ice cream)
Simple Diffusion
NO ENERGY REQUIRED (goes down concentration gradient); able to pass the cell membrane easily, maybe with the help of a protein; does not involve binding or conformational change/releasing; THINK GASSES and IONS(use help of carrier protein)
How does a Cholesterol Molecule look?
Carbon with single/double bonds and hydrogen - exposed structure sticks out to be grabbed by another cell for use
Water moves across the cell membrane via
aquaporin channels AND OR utilize ion channel to get thru
Which statement about mRNA is correct?
mRNA carries the genetic code in the cytoplasm
Is K+ Voltage Gate fast or slow?
Slow! Open and close
Soluble Compounds
Ions (electrolytes), Proteins (some), Carbs (glucose), Gasses (CO2), Buffers, Drugs (some)
Does hyperpolarizing a cell make it more negative or positive?
Cell is more (-)
What do all pumps/exchangers rely on?
Na+K+ ATPase Pump (if blocked, does not generate gradient)
Increased Cellular Osmolarity = ? Na+
Increased Na+
5 organelles discussed in class?
Peroxisome, lysosome, mitochondria, ER, GA
Nernst of Na+?
-61 x Log (14/140) = +61 mV
COX1/COX2
Enzyme that converts Arachidonic Acid to Prostaglandins
Secretory Vesicles
Transport proteins from GA –> cell wall after being modified and completed; bind @ cell wall to be disbursed outside to designated areas
Internal Environment = ?
ECF
How many nephrons in kidneys?
Around 1 million
Glut-4 Transport Exchanger
Facilitated diffusion; NO ENERGY required; 98% of glucose sent into cell via this exchanger; insulin dependent (more insulin = more Glut-4 receptors); if given a bunch of insulin, more Glut-4 receptors = hypoglycemia
Glut-1
Important for RBC, not insulin dependent
What does Driving Force Depend on?
Charge of Ions, Charge of inside cell, Size of concentration gradient
Positive Feedback
Less common; GOOD OR BAD; Physiologic or Pathologic; body AMPLIFIES change
“Redundancy” or “Degeneration” of the genetic code occurs during which step of protein synthesis?
Translation
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies sent proteins from the GER (post translation)
Depolarization in terms of voltage gates?
Na+ channel opens, causing action potential
Definition of Cells
Smallest living unit; specific for specific tasks; can USUALLY replicate (RBC cannot b/c no nucleus)
When to use “+” in Nernst Potential?
Use “+” when Anion; Cl-
What makes a cell harder to excite?
More negative charge; hyperpolarization
COX1 (Cyclooxygenase 1)
Enzyme; More widespread in body; Mediates TXA2 creation (Thrombane 2); if inhibited, increased risk for bleeding as TXA2 is inhibited as well (think Aspirin); inhibited COX = decreased PG = Decreased pain
Negative Feedback Examples
(1) Increased CO2, Increased Ventilation, Decreased CO2
(2) Decreased MAP, Increased Sympathetic/Decreased Parasympathetic Outflow, Increased MAP
(3) Decreased MAP, Increased AVP/ADH, Increased MAP
(4) Decreased MAP, Decreased ANP, Increased MAP
3 steps of facilitated diffusion
bind to receptor–> confirmation change to move across the cell membrane–> release from the receptor on other side; NO ENERGY REQUIRED
Positive Feedback: Physiologic
GOOD
(1) Oxytocin - released from brain; increased contractions/increased cervix dilation = birth. CHECKPOINT: Birth (contractions, uterus, cervix back to normal)
(2) Clotting Cascade/ PLT formation: Cut from arteriole/damage to endothelial cells = clotting/TXA-2 mediated vasospasm = stopped bleeding. CHECKPOINT:stopped bleeding (if no checkpoint, Increased clotting leads to MI,Stroke)
Decreased Cellular Osmolarity = ? Na+
Decreased Na+
Acetyl-CoA
Molecule used by body to produce ATP, Cholesterol; used as a substrate from metabolism; blocked by -statins to decrease amount of cholesterol endogenously made
Proton Pump
in stomach; send protons to ECF, making environment acidic
What Happens if the Na+K+ ATPase Pump stops working?
Cell Edema, as Na+ cannot leave the pump and H2O follows Na+; cell becomes swollen; cannot diurese b/c intracellular edema
Homeostasis: Waste
urea, H2O, H, solid waste, heat, CO2
Primary Cation of ECF?
Sodium (Na+)
Cytoplasm
Where chemical reaction takes place in cell; 70-85% Water, unless Adipose cell
What is Hyperpolarization?
When cell is going back to inactivated state, the K+ channel opens it’s 1 gate to let K+ out of the cell. The K+ gate is so slow, it may allow too much K+ out, so in turn, you see a dip in the action potential graph below resting membrane potential (Vm)
Drug that Inhibits Leukotriene?
Singulair
Increased Osmolarity =? H2O
Decreased H2O
Purpose of Cilia
Move the environment around the cell; ex: waves mucus and fluid out of the airway
H2O follows what compound in and out of the cell?
Na+
Which is less volume: 1L of H2O or 1L of solution?
1L of solution: has solvents in it, so displaced some of the H2O
ICF Buffer?
phosphates
Phosphates HPO4/H2PO4 Role
ICF Buffer; Attach/Detach from protein; turns target on/off; energy storage system (ex: remove phosphate from ATP = release energy, add phosphate to ATP = use energy); I>O
Endoplasmic Reticulum
stores Ca+, creates protein/lipids. SEE GER/SER
If hypokalemic, do ions move fast or slower out of the cell?
Faster! The gradient is larger, so the K+ speeds out of the cell
Definition of Organs
Group of tissues
Unit 1 Q3: Organelles that neutralize drugs and toxins are
Peroxisomes
Depolarized
Less polar (more + charge); Na+ channel opens
Arachidonic Acid/HETE and ETE are: Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?
Hydrophobic
Na/K ATPase Transport Pump
1st Degree Active Transport; baseline for all other pumps in body; sends 3 Na+ molecules to ECF and 2 K+ molecules to ICF (against concentration gradient); metabolizes ATP in pump actively for this to work/requires 1 ATP per exchange (ATP–> ADP)
Homeostasis
“internal environment = ECF”; cells need constant condition/energy (O2, fat, sugar); “What goes in, goes out”; Anesthetics take away sensors and response systems
Definition of Physiology
Function of living organisms and their parts
K+ vs Na+ RMP in cell ratio?
10:1; K is more permeable at cell resting state
Mitochondria
Create ATP for the cell
Units used for Quantity?
mOsm/ mEq
Purpose of Flagella?
Move the cell around the environment
Fraction of ECF/L in 100 kg man?
20L
Phosphatidylcholine (PCh)
Stores choline to later make acetylcholine
Phosphatidylinositol (PI)
Important for storage smooth muscle cells in wall; regulate contractions (IP3)
How does TXA2 work?
By vasospasm; constricts the effected vessel to stop bleeding
Calculate Osmotic Pressure with a Na+ of 145?
5597
Calculate Osmotic Pressure with NaCl 145 with Dissociation Constant of 0.94?
5216
In an Action Potential, is the cell more permeable to Na+ or K+?
Na+
If the NaK ATPase pump is inhibited, what happens to the action potential?
It prevents it from happening, as you have a disruption in the concentration gradient
What does ANP stand for?
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
What is an Action Potential?
A rapid change in voltage across the cell membrane to allow cells to communicate with each other
How to get across cell membrane?
Have no charge, Be hydrophobic or Lipophilic
What does EDMD Flippase stand for?
Energy Deficient Mediated Dysfunctional Flippase; when there is no ATP to use flippase, so the Phosphotidylserine stays on the outside of the cell, initiated immune response
