Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 1 > Exam 4 Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Deep to Superficial in Heart: Layers of heart involved in AP

A

Endocardium - Myocardium - Epicardium - Pericardial Space - Parietal Pericardium - Fibrous Pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Superficial to Deep in Hear: Layers of heart involved in AP

A

Fibrous Pericardium - Parietal Pericardium - Pericardial Space - Epicardium - Myocardium - Endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Normal Depolarization in the Ventricles: Which direction?

A

Deep to Superficial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Normal Repolarization in the Ventricles: Which direction?
* + or - deflection?

A

Superficial to Deep
* + deflection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Normal Vrm in a PM cell in the SA node?

A

-55 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Normal Threshold in PM cell in SA node

A

-40 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does the R Vagus nerve terminate?

A

SA Node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where does the L vagus nerve terminate?

A

AV node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where in the heart does the PNS mostly innervate?
*Which NTM

A

The nodal area [ACh]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where in the heart does the SNS innervate most?
* What NTM and where else can it innervate

A

Atrial/Ventricular Muscle Tissues [NE]
*Can also innervate the nodal areas, but is out strengthened by ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is the Ventricular Myocyte considered a Fast AP?
*What is the normal Vrm

A

Phase 0 is straight up and down/rapid onset
*-80 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What lead is the normal EKG we see?

A

Lead 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is the SA node the PM of the heart?

A

The tissue at the SA node tends to depolarize and spread the AP faster than other cells in the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Per lecture, what is a normal HR?

A

72 b/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the charge of the tissue if the inside is all + and outside is all -?
*Vice Versa

A

0 mV
*0 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

L - R, + to - Depolarization: + or - charge

A

+ charge always

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

L-R, - to + Repolarization: + or - charge

A
  • charge always
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

R - L, - to + Repolarization: + or - charge?

A

+ charge always

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which combination of + and - charges within a tissue produces the most amount of current?

A

Half + and Half - charges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens if you flip the anode and cathode in the electrical tissue experiment?

A

The graph will look the same, just flipped across the X axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is Lead 1 placed?
*What does this cause in terms of AP

A

+ electrode in L arm or L chest
*depolarization wave towards electrode in L arm/chest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

R to L repolarization causes what in the EKG?

A

+ deflection in the T wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the 1st structure in the heart to fully depolarize?

A

Interventricular Septum

24
Q

How do Beta Agonists/Antagonists regulate HR?: In General

A

Change the slope of Phase 4

25
Q

How does mACh-R regulate HR?: In general

A

Change Vrm

26
Q

How does Ca++ regulate HR?: In general

A

Change threshold potential

27
Q

How does a Beta Agonist [NE] increase HR?
*AC, cAMP, HCN
*Time in P4, Slope of P4
*Na, Ca, K, AP rate

A

Increase AC, Increase cAMP, increase HCN channels = decreases time in Phase 4 = increases/Steepens P4 slope = increases Na and Ca, increasing AP rate and HR; decreases K+ permeability

28
Q

PM cell:
*Vrm
*Threshold

A

*-55 mV
*-40mV

28
Q

How does mACh-R lower HR?
*P4 slope compared to Beta Agonist, Vrm
*AC, cAMP, HCN
*K+

A

Same slope, but decreased Vrm = longer time to reach AP
*decreased AC, cAMP, HCN
*Increased K permeability

29
Q

How does a Beta Antagonist decrease HR?
*AC, cAMP, HCN
*Time in P4, Slope of P4
*Na, Ca, K, AP rate

A

Decrease AC, Decrease cAMP, Decrease HCN
Decrease P4 Slope [less steep], Increase time in P4
Decreased Na/Ca, increased K permeability
Decrease AP rate = less b/min

30
Q

What happens if you give atropine?
*Vrm, AP
*K

A

increased Vrm = shorter time to reach AP
*Decreased K permeability

31
Q

What is HCN: How does it respond to ions
*What does it stand for
*When is it opened
*What ions come in, in order

A

Hyperpolarization Cyclic Nucleotide: non-cation specific
*Opens when the cell is reset via repolarization or hyperpolarization, or increases in cAMP
*Na+ first, Ca++ second, K third

32
Q

How does decreased plasma Ca++ effect HR [hypocalcemia]
*Tell me about the CG

A

Increased HR, b/c threshold potential is more (-), so able to reach AP faster
* Decreased CG

33
Q

How does increased plasma Ca++ effect HR [hypercalcemia]
*Tell me about the CG

A

Decreased HR, b/c threshold potential is more (+), so takes longer to reach AP
*Increased CG

34
Q

Give me a Threshold potential that would be synonymous with Hypocalcemia

A

Between -55 mV and -40 mV

35
Q

Give me a Threshold potential that would be synonymous with Hypercalcemia

A

> -40 mV, to an extent

36
Q

In what Phase do HCN channels open in SA node PM cells?

A

Phase 4

36
Q

Compare the P4 slope in SA Node compared to Purkinje FIber?

A

Greater/steeper

37
Q

Name 3 Ways how the HR is regulated?

A

Change slope of P4, Change Vrm, Ca++

38
Q

How does Ca++ change the HR?
*Where is this mechanism only located

A

Unknown why it does this and only in heart muscle

39
Q

In what 2 states do we have constant depolarization in an area of the heart?
*Where does injury of current occur

A

Ischemic/Infart
*In areas where we shouldn’t have or when we shouldn’t have current

39
Q

What is a ventricular myocyte?

A

A ventricular muscle cell

40
Q

What is the P-Wave in terms of Heart function
*How long is a normal PR interval, per lecture picture

A

Atrial Depolarization
* 0.16 sec

41
Q

How many mV is a normal QRS complex?
*How many large boxes?

A

1.5 mV
*3 large boxes

42
Q

A pt comes in with End-Stage COPD, what would you expect to see in their EKG?
*Why

A

QRS <1.5 mV
*Air is not conductive to electricity

43
Q

What is the T-Wave in terms of Heart function
*What is the amplitude of the T-Wave, per lecture picture

A

Ventricular Repolarization - Superficial to Deep
*0.3 mV (positive deflection)

44
Q

Why is the T-Wave a positive deflection?

A

The epicardium repolarizes before the endocardium

45
Q

Per lecture, what are the names of the K+ channels located between Phase 0-Phase 3 of a cardiac AP?
*What causes these to close

A

Inward rectifying K+ channels
*Increased Na and Ca permeability cause these to close

46
Q

Per lecture, what is important for the force of heart contractions?

A

Extension of the AP

47
Q

Where do we lose most of our voltage during an AP?

A

Body tissue

48
Q

Increased Tissue Resistance = ? voltage in heart?
*More scar tissue from what cells?

A

Decreased voltage in heart = possible HB’s
*Fibroblasts and stem cells

49
Q

What is the different between Vrm and Threshold Potential in a normal ventricular myocyte

A

100 mV

50
Q

A trauma Pt comes in with a pneumothorax; how would you describe their QRS complex in terms of mV

A

probably <1.5 mV

51
Q

You noticed you had Lead 1 on the R arm of the Pt, how would you see their EKG?

A

It would be flipped to the other side [think a/b what he said flipping the cathode and anode. It would be opposite]

52
Q

A pt comes in with severe facial twitching and arm spasms. How would their cardiac action potential be different compared to a typical, healthy adult?

A

Their threshold potential would be decreased, leading to an increase in AP, hence the chvostek and trousseau signs

53
Q

What phases do HCN open?

A

Phase 4 and 3, most likely

A&P 1 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions