Final exam Flashcards
Anatomy
study of structure
Physiology
study of function
What are the components of homeostatic control? Define each one
Stimulus: change from normal
Receptor: Responds to change; sends signal to control center
Control Center: usually brain or glands; sends signal to effector
Effector: negates stimulus
Stimulus
change from normal
What are the forms of matter?
solid, liquid, gas.
bases vs. acids - how are they different from one another
Bases: 7.1 - 14 bases accept hydrogen when added to a solution; also called a proton acceptor
Acids: 0-6.9. acids dissociate in a solution to produce more H+
pH
measure of the amount of Hydrogen is in a solution. The lower the pH, the more the H+
pH of water
7
pH of blood
7.4
Lipid
diverse group of fatty, water-insoluble compounds. Function as stored nutrients, cellular membrane components, and hormones. 4 classes: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids
Sugar
also called carbs. Has an O and OH attached to each carbon. Includes monosaccharides (glucose, hectose, pentose) disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose) and polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose)
Proteins
compounds that aid in storage, catalyst, support, transport, defense, structural support, movement. monomers are amino acids (they are linked by peptide bonds). Consists of oligopeptides (3-20) polypeptides (21-199) Protein (200+) and glycoproteins. examples of proteins: hemoglobin, insulin, histone.
nucleus
largest structure in a cell; contains dna. enclosed in a nuclear envelope and has nucleoplasm fluid
cell membrane
forms outer barrier; separates internal from external contents. contains modified extensions like cilia and flagellum.
ribosome
synthesize proteins and are arranged into large and small subunits.
ER
Extends from nuclear envelope to plasma membrane and is insertion point for enzymes. Rough er produces proteins and peroxisomes and smooth makes, transports, and stores lipids, carb metabolism, and detox of poison stuff.
lysosomes
small sacs containing digestive enzymes formed by Golgi. digests unneeded substances
Golgi apparatus
made of several sacs that modify molecules, package and sort proteins, make lysosomes, and transport vesicles.
How do substances move in and out of cells?
through the plasma membrane; either passively or actively. Exocytosis, endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion. must be small with no charge to go through passively.
Chemical bonds
chemical substances being held together.
Ionic bond: 2 ions (has a charge) put together. Donates or accepts electrons.
Covalent Bond: atoms share electrons/both require more electrons
tissues
group of similar cells and extracellular matrix that have a common goal.
Epithelial tissue function and location
Covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, forms glands. Function: protect, metabolic regulation, secretion and absorption, temp. regulation, immune function.
Connective tissue function and location
physical protection (bones of skull), support and structural framework (cartilage, bone), binding structures (ligaments), storage (adipose), transport (blood), immune protection (leukocytes in blood) Found all over body including loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, bone, cartilage, blood and lymph.
Muscle tissue function and location
body movement, maintenance of posture, protection and support, heat generation, elimination of waste at orfices. Found covering many bones and in internal organs.
Nervous tissue function and location
in brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Receive and send info to the CNS for processing. (reasoning, memory, movement, balance, and more)
Exocrine vs. Endocrine glands
endocrine: do not have ducts (just tubes). Secrete hormones directly into body fluids. (thyroid, pineal)
exocrine: have ducts that are connected to epithelial surface. Formed from folded epithelium within connective tissue. (sweat, mammary, salivary)
types of exocrine glands
Merocrine: vesicles use exocytosis (lacrimal, salivary, sweat)
Apocrine: pinching off cytoplasm that contains secretory products and exocytosis (mammary, sweat-axillary)
Holocrine: accumulation and cell disintegration (sebaceous gland)
Body membranes and what 2 tissue types make these membranes
formed by epithelial tissue bound to connective tissue.
Mucous: lines holes to outside. absorb, protect, secrete (digestive)
Serous: don’t open to external, simple squamous, produce serous fluid and reduces friction. (pericardial)
Cutaneous: covers body. keratinized stratified; protects
synovial: lines some joints, areolar and squamous. Secretes synovial fluid
What influences skin color?
Hemoglobin-pink tint
melanin: from melanocytes; tan to brown shades (heredity)
carotene: from vegtables, turns to vit. a. - yellow orange tint
Sweat gland types
merocrine: normal, simple coiled tubular glands. secrete sweat and aid in thermoregulation. most common.
apocrine: coiled tubular glands; produce viscous, cloudy secretions. Produce odor when bacterial hits them. (axillary, pubic)
Functions of integument
protection, prevents water loss, metabolic regulation (vit. D), secretion, absorption, temp. regulation (sweat) , immune function (dendritic cells)
Why do we have degrees of burn?
each degree correlates to layer of skin burned
first: epidermis second: epi and part of dermis
third: epi, dermis and subcutaneous
Lines of Cleavage help those in the medical field in what ways?
lines of cleavage are collagen and elastin oriented in parallel bundles to resist stress. If a cut is made parallel to the lines of cleavage, it will heal faster than a perpendicular one.
Sunlight can be wonderful for our skin but too much can lead to problems. Why is this true?
Sunlight gives us the ability to produce vitamin d and regulate calcium levels in our blood. However, too much causes damage to the dna and accelerates aging. This dna damage can lead to cancer.
What is wound healing for skin and bones?
When the skin is damaged, it goes through a process of healing itself. It is often slow, and may cause scarring.
bone function
support and protection, levers for movement, hemopoiesis, and storage of minerals and energy reserves
Parts of bone tissue
spongy bone and compact bone.
Epiphysis: end of long bone covered in articular cartilage.
Metaphysis: area between epiphysis and shaft; contains growth plate
Diaphysis: shaft of bone
Periosteum: outer layer of dense ct. protects, anchors blood vessels, attachment for ligaments
Endosteum: contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoclasts and blasts.
Types of bone cells
Osteoprogenitor: stems cells that turn into osteoblasts
Osteoclasts: phagocytic cells that are involved in bone resorption.
Osteoblasts: synthesize and secrete osteoid. When they become trapped in matrix they become osteocytes
Osteocytes: mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts. Detect changes in bone and involved in bone resorption.
