Chapter 5

Question 1

four types of tissues

Answer 1

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Question 2

stem cells

Answer 2

cells without a name or specific job that differentiate into a specific cell. maintain cell populations in tissue

Question 3

epithelia tissue

Answer 3

covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, forms glands

Question 4

epithelium

Answer 4

composed of one or more layers of closely packed cells with little extracellular matrix and avascular.

Question 5

cellularity

Answer 5

composed almost entirely of tightly packed cells

Question 6

polarity

Answer 6

has apical surface exposed to external environment, lateral surface w/ intercellular junctions, and basal surface where epithelium attaches to connective tissue

Question 7

basement membrane

Answer 7

complex structure produced by epithelium and connective tissue and consists of 3 layers: lamina lucida, lamina densa, reticular lamina. contains collagen fibers and proteins and carbs. forms a selective barrier between epithelium and connective tissue.

Question 8

avascularity

Answer 8

nutrients obtained across apical surface or from basal surface, no blood vessels

Question 9

extensive innervation

Answer 9

detects changes in environment in that region (pain, temp, pressure)

Question 10

high regeneration capacity

Answer 10

apical surface exposed to environment so they continually get replaced due to frequent mitosis of deep epithelial cells

Question 11

physical protection

Answer 11

skin protects from dehydration, abrasion, destruction

Question 12

selective permeability

Answer 12

relative impermeable to some substances but promotes passage of others

Question 13

secretions

Answer 13

some epithelium specialized to secrete

Question 14

sensations

Answer 14

skin contains nerve endings

Question 15

tight junctions

Answer 15

cells completely attached to neighbors in a fused plasma membrane to prevent substances from passing between epithelial cells

Question 16

desmosomes

Answer 16

hold cells together at a single point. found in cells exposed to stress

Question 17

gap junctions

Answer 17

form tiny, fluid-filled tunnels to allow direct passage of substances between cells (flow of ions b/w cardiac muscle cells)

Question 18

glands

Answer 18

composed of epithelial tissue and secretes substances for use or elimination. May secrete: mucin, electrolytes, hormones, enzymes, urea

Question 19

endocrine glands

Answer 19

no ducts; secretes hormones directly into body fluids that act as chemical messengers and influence cell activity anywhere

Question 20

exocrine glands

Answer 20

formed from folded epithelium within connective tissue. connects with epithelial surface (sweat glands, mammary, salivary)

Question 21

merocrine glands

Answer 21

uses vesicles and exocytosis. lacrimal, salivary, sweat, pancreas, and stomach

Question 22

apocrine glands

Answer 22

pinching of cytoplasm, contains secretory product, exocytosis. Mammary, some sweat glands, axillary, pubic regions

Question 23

holocrine glands

Answer 23

accumulation and then sudden cell disintegration. Happens in sebaceous glands

Question 24

functions of connective tissue

Answer 24

physical protection, support and framework, binding of structures, storage, transport, immune protection.

Question 25

body membranes

Answer 25

formed from epithelial tissue bound to underlying connective tissue. lines body cavities and external surfaces.

Question 26

serous membrane

Answer 26

internal membrane that covers organs and lines wall of body cavities (pleura, pericardium). made of simple squamous termed mesothelium and produces serous fluid developed from plasma

Question 27

mucous membrane

Answer 27

also called mucosa; lines passageways the open to outside. absorptive, protective, and secretory. formed from epithelium and underlying connective tissue (lamina propria) often covered in mucus. found in body tracts

Question 28

cutaneous membrane

Answer 28

skin; composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. protects and prevents water loss

Question 29

synovial

Answer 29

lines some joints in the body. composed of areolar connective tissue and covered by squamous epithelium without a basement membrane. secretes synovial fluid that reduces friction and gives nutrients to cartilage

Question 30

metaplasia

Answer 30

change of mature epithelium to a different form as it adapts. (smokers trachea epithelium changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to nonkeratinized stratified squamous. and in chronic acid reflux

Question 31

hypertrophy

Answer 31

increase in size of existing cells of a tissue

Question 32

hyperplasia

Answer 32

increase in number of cells of a tissue

Question 33

neoplasia

Answer 33

tissue growth proceeding out of control; develops tumor

Question 34

atrophy

Answer 34

shrinkage of tissue by decrease in cell number or size from aging and lack of use

Question 35

necrosis

Answer 35

term for tissue death, irreversible tissue damage with inflammatory response to damage. (gangrene)

Question 36

gangrene

Answer 36

necrosis of soft tissue due to diminished blood flow. complication of diabetes and can happen in intestines

Question 37

dry gangrene

Answer 37

area is shriveled and desiccated; due to extreme cold

Question 38

wet gangrene

Answer 38

caused by bacterial infection with loss of blood supply. ruptured dying cells with fluid release

Question 39

gas gangrene

Answer 39

bacteria invading necrotic tissue, bacteria producing gas bubbles

Question 40

changes to aging skin

Answer 40

support, maintence, and replacement of cells is less efficient, structure and chemical composition is altered (thin epithelial), less collagen, brittle bones, delayed tissue repair, atrophy