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Bio 210 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

functions of skeletal muscle

A

body movement, maintenance of posture (stabilizes joints and maintains body position), protection and support (holds organs in place), regulating elimination of materials (circular sphincters control passage of material at orifices), heat protection

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2
Q

characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue

A

excitability, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, elasticity.

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3
Q

excitability

A

ability to respond to stimulus by changing electrical membrane potential

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4
Q

conductivity

A

involves sending an electrical change down length of membrane

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5
Q

contractility

A

filaments slide past each other for movement

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6
Q

extensibility

A

ability to stretch

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7
Q

elasticity

A

ability to return to normal after stretching or shortening

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8
Q

fascicle

A

a group of muscle fibers. a whole muscle contains many fascicles

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9
Q

epimysium

A

dense irregular ct wrapping whole muscle

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10
Q

perimysium

A

dense irregular ct wrapping fascicle; houses blood vessels and nerves

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11
Q

endomysium

A

areolar ct wrapping individual fiber. provides electrical insulation, capillary support and binding for neighboring cells.

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12
Q

tendon

A

cordlike structure of dense regular ct. attach muscle to bone.

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13
Q

aponeurosis

A

thin, flattened sheet of dense irregular ct. attach muscle to bone

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14
Q

deep fascia

A

dense irregular ct superficial to epimysium. Separates individual muscles; binds muscles with similar functions

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15
Q

superficial fascia

A

areolar and adipose ct superficial to deep fascia. separates muscle from skin

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16
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle fiber, has organelles and contractile proteins

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17
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of muscle. Has t-tubules and voltage gated calcium channels.

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18
Q

T-tubules

A

transverse tubules that extend deep into the cell

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19
Q

myofibrils

A

bundles of myofilaments enclosed in sarcoplasmic reticulum. Make up a muscle fiber.

20
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

internal membrane complex similar to smooth ER that surrounds a muscle fiber. contains calcium pumps and calcium release channels

21
Q

terminal cisternae

A

enlarged portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounding t-tubules

22
Q

triad

A

two cisternae with a t-tubule in between

23
Q

myofilaments

A

contractile proteins within myofibrils. Are either thick or thin

24
Q

Thick filaments

A

consist of bundles of many myosin protein molecules. Myosin heads point towards ends of the filament

25
Q

thin filaments

A

consists of bundles of myosin protein molecules. twisted strands of F-actin composed of G- actin monomers. G-actin has a myosin binding site where myosin heads attach from the thick filaments. tropomyosin and troponin are also present and are regulatory proteins

26
Q

Z discs

A

specialized proteins perpendicular to myofilaments that anchor thin filaments. One sarcomere goes from one z disc to another. contain thin filaments, connectin, and accessory proteins

27
Q

I band

A

on each side of the z line where actin (thin filaments) do not overlap thick (myosin) filaments. Contain thin filaments and connectin

28
Q

A band

A

entire length of myosin, thick and thin (actin) overlap for a portion of it.

29
Q

H zone

A

area where only myosin lays

30
Q

m line

A

middle of a sarcomere containing thick filaments and accessory proteins

31
Q

myoglobin

A

allows for storage of oxygen used for aerobic atp production in a cell.

32
Q

glycogen

A

stored for when fuel is needed quickly

33
Q

creatinine phosphate

A

can quickly give up phosphate to help replenish ATP supply

34
Q

Overview of the 3 events of contraction

A
  1. Ach is released from the synaptic vesicles and binds to Ach receptors on the muscle.
  2. Ach binding triggers action potential along the sarcolemma and t-tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which is stimulated to release Ca+.
  3. Ca binds to troponin and triggers sliding of thin filaments past thick filaments causing the muscle to contract.
35
Q

Excitation contraction coupling

A

When calcium binds to troponin, it moves tropomyosin exposing the myosin binding sites on the actin.

36
Q

Crossbidge cycling

A
  1. Crossbridge forms from myosin head attaching to actin
  2. Power stroke occurs when myosin head pulls actin closer together; adp and pí is released
  3. Release of head: atp binds to myosin causing it to release from actin
  4. Myosin head resets: atp->adp provides energy to “cock” the myosin head
37
Q

Skeletal muscle relaxation

A

Termination of nerve signal and ach release from motor neuron

Hydrolysis of ach by acetylcholinesterase

Closure of ach receptors on muscle causing no action potential to be created

Calcium channels in sarcoplasmic reticulum close and calcium in the muscle is returned to sr by pumps

Troponin and tropomyosin returns to its normal shape

Muscle returns to normal shape

38
Q

3 ways to generate additional ATP

A

Creatine phosphate
Glycolysis
Aerobic cellular respiration

39
Q

Myokinase

A

Additional ATP can be rapidly produced this way. A phosphate transfers from one ADP to another to make ATP

40
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

Contains a high energy bond between creatine and phosphate. Phosphate can be transferred to adp to make atp. It is catalyzed by creatine kinase and gives 10-15 seconds of additional energy

41
Q

Glycolysis

A

Doesn’t require oxygen. Glucose is converted to 2 pyruvates and 2 atp is released per glucose molecule. Occurs in cytosol

42
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration

A

Requires oxygen
Occurs in mitochondria
Pyruvate oxidized to co2 which causes transfer of chemical bond energy to NADH and FADH2. This energy is used to generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.
Produces 30 ATP
Triglycerides can also be used as a fuel to produce ATP

43
Q

Lactate formation

A

Pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase. Lactate can be used as fuel by skeletal muscle or enter blood to be taken up by cardiac muscle or liver.

44
Q

Lactic acid cycle

A

Cycling of lactate to liver where it is converted to glucose, and transport of glucose back to muscle

45
Q

Type of energy supply when comparing level of exercise

A

Short (less than 10 sec): phosphate transfer system

Less than a minute: glycolysis

More than a minute: aerobic processes

Bio 210 (14 decks)

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