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Bio 210 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

functions of skeletal system

A

support and protect, levers for movement, hemopoiesis, storage of minerals and energy reserve.

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2
Q

Compact bone

A

dense; cortical bone. 80 percent of bone mass

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3
Q

spongy bone

A

cancellous, internal to compact bone. appears porous and is 20% of bone mass

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4
Q

long bones

A

greater in length than width

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5
Q

short bones

A

nearly equal from length to width

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6
Q

flat bones

A

flat, thin surfaces that may be slightly curved

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7
Q

irregular bones

A

elaborate, complex shapes

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8
Q

medullary cavity

A

contains red bone marrow in kids and yellow in adults. Inside of endosteum.

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9
Q

articular cartilage

A

at the end of long bones, reduces friction and absorbs shock in moveable joints

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10
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

growth plate, in adults the epiphyseal line remains after plate. in metaphysis.

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11
Q

periosteum

A

outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue that protects bone, anchors blood vessels and nerves and attachment site for ligaments and tendons. The inner cellular layer includes osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

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12
Q

endosteum

A

contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

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13
Q

nutrient foramen

A

small opening in bone where artery and nerves enter and vein exits.

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14
Q

bone marrow

A

2 kinds; red and yellow. is a soft connective tissue

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15
Q

red bone marrow

A

hemopoietic, located in spongy and medullary cavity in long bones in kids and located in skull, spine, ribs, sternum, and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur in adults.

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16
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

product of red bone marrow degeneration as children mature-made out of fat/ may convert back to red in severe anemia

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17
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

stem cells that divide and create osteoblasts

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18
Q

osteoblasts

A

synthesize and secrete osteoid. becomes entrapped within the matrix and differentiate into osteocytes.

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19
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts. detect stress on bone and trigger new bone formation

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20
Q

osteoclasts

A

large, multinuclear, phagocytic cells involved in bone resorption

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21
Q

osteoid

A

osteoid is an organic compound produced by osteoblasts and contains collagen protein and semisolid ground substance of proteoglycans and glycoproteins. gives bones strength by resisting stretching and contributes to bone flexibility.

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22
Q

inorganic components of bone

A

salt crystals, calcium phosphate. Calcium phosphate interacts with calcium hydroxide to form crystals called hydroxyapatite. substances included in crystals are calcium carbonate, sodium, magnesium, sulfate, and fluoride. These crystals deposit around collagen fibers and make hard matrix.

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23
Q

bone formation

A

begins with secretion of osteoid and calcification occurs which is the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals. bone formation requires vitamin d, c, calcium, and phosphate

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24
Q

Vitamin D is needed for what in bone formation

A

enhances calcium absorption from digestive tract

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25
Q

Vitamin C is needed for what in bone formation

A

required for collagen formation

26
Q

Calcium and Phosphate is needed for what in bone formation

A

calcification

27
Q

Bone resorption

A

bone matrix is destroyed by proteolytic enzymes released from the lysosomes of osteoclasts. freed calcium and phosphate ions enter the blood and this occurs when blood calcium levels are low

28
Q

proteolytic enzymes

A

break down calcium and phosphate by hydrochloric acid and proteolytic enzymes released by lysosomes within osteoclasts.

29
Q

osteons

A

basic functional and structural unit of mature compact bone; parallel to diaphysis and looks like bulls eye target.

30
Q

central canal

A

channel at center of osteon; blood vessels and nerves extend through it.

31
Q

concentric lamellae

A

rings of bone tissue that surround central canal

32
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells found in small spaces between concentric lamellae (lacunae) that maintain bone matrix.

33
Q

canaliculi

A

tiny, interconnecting channels within bone that allow exchange of nutrients, minerals, gases, and wastes b/w blood vessels and osteocytes

34
Q

ossification

A

formation and development of bone that begins in embryo and continues through childhood. Skeleton begins formation by 8-12 week of embryonic development.

35
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

bone growth within a membrane. Starts in dermis. Produces facial bones, skull, mandible and clavicle.

36
Q

Steps of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. ossification centers form within mesenchyme. Cells become osteoprogentor or osteoblast cells.
  2. Osteoid undergoes calcification and entrapped cells become osteocytes.
  3. woven bone (primary bone) and the periosteum form.
  4. Lamellar bone (secondary bone) replaces woven bone. Compact and spongy bone form from trabeculae.
37
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

begins with hyaline cartilage model. Produces most bones like long bones. Condroblasts secrete cartilage matrix

  1. then cartilage calcifies and periosteal bone collar forms. Chondrocytes in cartilage model produces holes in matrix and calcifes, chondrocytes die. blood vessels grow toward cartilage. and osteoblasts secrete osteoid
  2. primary ossification center forms in diaphysis. bone development extends in both directions towards epiphyses
  3. Secondary ossification centers form in epiphyses. Hyaline cartilage calcifies and degenerates. blood vessels and osteoprogenitor cells enter. bone displaces cartilage.
  4. bone replaces cartilage
  5. epiphyseal plates ossify
38
Q

Interstital growth

A

bone growth in length. Occurs within zone 2 (proliferating cartilage) and 3 (hypertrophic cartilage) and pushes zone towards epiphysis

39
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

maintains thickness through childhood, and at maturity the rate of cartilage production slows. Remnant is thin line of compact bone called epiphyseal line

40
Q

appositional bone growth

A

bone growth in width. occurs in periosteum where bone matrix is deposited within layers parallel to surface. osteoclasts resorb bone matrix along medullary cavity.

41
Q

bone remodeling

A

continues through adulthood. occurs at periosteal and endosteal bone surface. 20% of skeleton is replaced yearly.

42
Q

mechanical stress on bones

A

occurs with exercise and weight. stress is required for normal remodeling. Osteocytes communicate to osteoblasts that increase synthesis of osteoid and increase bone mass.

43
Q

Hormones

A

molecules released from one cell into the blood to affect things. Some alter rates of chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclast activity. affects bone composition and growth patterns.

44
Q

growth hormone

A

somatotropin; produced by anterior pituitary gland. Stimulates liver to produce somatomedin. Both of these hormones directly stimulate growth of cartilage in epiphyseal plate.

45
Q

thyroid hormone

A

secreted by thyroid gland. influences basal metabolic rate of bone cells and regulates normal activity at epiphyseal plates.

46
Q

Sex hormones

A

estrogen and testosterone; secreted in large amounts at puberty; dramatically accelerates bone growth and rate of cartilage growth and bone formation in epiphyseal plate. Eventually bone formation rate is greater than cartilage growth and the cartilage is replaced with bone- halting growth.

47
Q

glucocorticoids

A

group of steroid hormones released by adrenal cortex to regulate blood glucose levels. High amounts of this hormone increase bone loss preventing growth.

48
Q

serotonin

A

neurotransmitter and hormone. Most bones have serotonin receptors and plays a role regulation of bone remodeling. If levels are too high, osteoprogenitor cells are prevented from differentiating into osteoblasts that could cause bone density problems.

49
Q

calcium

A

required for muscle contraction, exocytosis, stimulation of heart, blood clotting, and neurons. regulated primarily by calcitriol and pth

50
Q

steps from vitamin d to calcitriol

A
  1. uv light converts 7 dehydrocholesterol to vit. d and it is released into the blood and circulates through body.
  2. converted to calcitriol by kidney. Pth increases, so more calcitriol is formed
51
Q

rickets

A

vit. d deficiency in childhood; deficient calcification of osteoid tissue. bowlegged, disturbances in growth and tetany.

52
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

secreted by parathyroid gland in response to reduced blood calcium. Accelerates conversion to calcitriol by kidneys and to increase calcium reabsorption. calcitriol increases absorption of calcium in small intestine; and bone releases calcium into blood by increasing osteoclast activity.

53
Q

Calcitonin

A

aids in regulating blood calcium levels. released by thyroid gland in response to high blood calcium and exercise. Inhibits osteoclast activity, stimulates kidneys to excrete calcium and has greatest effect during greatest bone turnover (growing children)

54
Q

effects of aging on bones

A

decreased strength and loss of calcium with insufficient ossification

55
Q

Osteopenia

A

occurs slightly in all people with age. starts 30-40’s. Osteoblast activity declines and osteoclast activity stays stable. spine, jaw and epiphyses lose a lot of mass; women lose more.

56
Q

Osteoporosis

A

reduced bone mass that compromises normal function; occurs more often in older women. reduced hormones with age contributes to reduced bone mass.

57
Q

stress fracture

A

thin break caused by increased physical activity

58
Q

pathologic fracture

A

occurs in bones weakened by disease

59
Q

simple fracture

A

broken bone not penetrating skin

60
Q

compound fracture

A

one or both ends of bone pierce overlying skin

Bio 210 (14 decks)

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