2nd Half of Chapter 10

Question 1

oxygen debt

Answer 1

amount of additional oxygen needed after exercise to restore pre-exercise conditions

Question 2

After a workout, oxygen is needed for…

Answer 2

replacing oxygen on hemoglobin and myoglobin, replenishing glycogen, replenish atp and creatine phosphate, and convert lactic acid back to glucose.

Question 3

Skeletal muscle is classified based on

Answer 3

type of contraction generated and means for supplying atp. This determines differences in power, endurance, and speed.

Question 4

oxidative fibers

Answer 4

These fibers are fatigue resistant and us aerobic cellular respiration. They have extensive capillaries, many mitochondria, and a large supply of myoglobin. The fibers are red.

Question 5

glycolytic fibers

Answer 5

These fibers use anaerobic cellular respiration with fewer capillaries, less mitochondria, small supply of myoglobin and large glycogen reserves. The fibers are white.

Question 6

Slow oxidative fibers (type 1)

Answer 6

slow, less powerful contractions. High endurance since ATP is supplied aerobically. About one half diameter of other fiber; red in color.

Question 7

Fast oxidative fibers (type 2)

Answer 7

contractions are fast and powerful and they use primarily aerobic respiration but delivery of o2 is slower. They are intermediate in size and light red.

Question 8

Fast glycolytic fibers (type 2b)

Answer 8

contractions are fast, powerful, and brief since supplied anaerobically. Large in size and white.

Question 9

Long distance runners have

Answer 9

more slow oxidative fibers

Question 10

Sprinters have

Answer 10

more fast glycolytic fibers

Question 11

muscle tension

Answer 11

force made when muscles pull/contract. Tension must overcome resistance in order to move something.

Question 12

myogram

Answer 12

measures muscle tension and graphs it.

Question 13

pulling force

Answer 13

muscle cells pull bones and then you move

Question 14

muscle tone

Answer 14

maintenance of partial contraction of muscle important for maintaining balance, reflexes, and organ system control. Is generated by involuntary nervous stimulation of muscle. Motor units are stimulated randomly and change continuously to avoid fatigue. This decreases when sleeping.

Question 15

Isometric contraction

Answer 15

muscle tension is less than resistance so tension is generated but muscle doesn’t move or shorten.

Question 16

Isotonic contraction

Answer 16

muscle tension is greater than resistance so muscle shortens (concentric) or lengthens (eccentric) and movement occurs

Question 17

muscle fatigue

Answer 17

reduced ability to produce muscle tension. Usually caused by low glycogen stores, insufficient Ca entering the synaptic knob, or less synaptic vesicles.

Question 18

Effects of exercise

Answer 18

endurance exercise leads to better atp production. Resistence exercise causes hypertrophy. Muscles increase glycogen reserves and mitochondria.

Question 19

atrophy

Answer 19

decrease in size of a muscle due to lack of use. Is initially reversible.

Question 20

aging

Answer 20

loss of muscle mass, decrease in size, power, endurance, myofibrils, oxygen storage capacity, blood supply, ability to recover

Question 21

fibrosis

Answer 21

muscle mass is replaced with dense regular connective tissue, decreasing flexibility.