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Bio 210 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

tissues

A

a group of similar cells and extracellular matrix that have a common goal

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2
Q

4 types of tissue

A

muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective

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3
Q

stem cells

A

cells without a name or specific job. they maintain cell populations in tissues that have short lives and divide frequently

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4
Q

differentiation

A

specification of stem cells

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5
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms most glands

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6
Q

epithelium

A

composed of one or more layers of closely packed cells with little extracellular matrix and no blood vessels.

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7
Q

10 Characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

cellularity, polarity, attachment to basement membrane, avascularity, extensive innervation, high regeneration capacity, physical protection, selective permeability, secretions, and sensations.

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8
Q

cellularity

A

epithelium is composed of tightly packed cells

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9
Q

polarity

A

epithelium has an apical surface that is exposed to environment and a basal surface that anchors it to connective tissue

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10
Q

attachment to basement membrane

A

basement membrane is complex structure produced by epithelium and connective tissue.(lamina lucida, lamina densa, reticular lamina). contains collagen fibers and specific proteins and carbs. forms a selective barrier between epithelium and connective tissue

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11
Q

Avascularity

A

no blood vessels in apical surface

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12
Q

extensive innervation

A

skin detects changes in the environment in that region

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13
Q

high regeneration capacity

A

apical cell are frequently lost and replaced through mitosis of the deepest epithelial stem cells adjacent to the basement membrane

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14
Q

physical protection

A

skin protects from dehydration, abrasion, and destruction

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15
Q

selective permeability

A

skin is impermeable to some substances but promotes the passage of others

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16
Q

secretions

A

some skin secrete and may form glands

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17
Q

sensations

A

skin contains nerve endings

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18
Q

tight junctions

A

cell is completely attached to its neighbor through a fused plasma membrane. This prevents substances passing between cell in places like the small intestine and bladder

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19
Q

desmosomes

A

holds cells together at a single point; found in cells exposed to stress

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20
Q

gap junctions

A

forms tiny, fluid-filled tunnels that allow substances to travel directly to other cells. found between cells in cardiac muscle to allow flow of ions.

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21
Q

glands

A

cells or organs composed of epithelial tissue that secretes substances for use elsewhere or elimination.

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22
Q

endocrine glands

A

have no ducts; secrete hormones directly into body fluids (like interstitial fluid and blood). hormones act like chem. messengers that influence cell activity everywhere.

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23
Q

exocrine glands

A

formed from folded epithelium within connective tissue and is connected to epithelial surface by a duct (sweat mammary, salivary)

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24
Q

merocrine gland

A

exocrine gland that uses vesicles and exocytosis. happens in lacrimal, salivary, sweat, pancreas, and stomach

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25
Q

apocrine glands

A

exocrine gland pinching off cytoplasm and exocytosis. happens in mammary and some sweat glands.

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26
Q

holocrine glands

A

exocrine gland that uses accumulation and then cell disintegration (sebaceous glands)

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27
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

physical protection, support and structural framework, binding of structures, storage, transport, and immune protection.

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28
Q

physical protection in connective tissue

A

bones of skull and thoracic cage protect organs and adipose tissue protects kidney and eyes

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29
Q

support and structural framework of connective tissue

A

bones are framework; cartilage keeps trachea and bronchi open, supportive tissues are around kidney and spleen

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30
Q

binding of structures in connective tissue

A

ligament bind bone to bone
tendons bind muscle to bone
dense irregular tissue anchors skin to muscle and bone

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31
Q

storage

A

adipose tissue is major energy reserve and bones reserve calcium and phosphorus

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32
Q

transport in connective tissue

A

blood carries nutrients, gases, and wastes

33
Q

immune protection in connective tissue

A

leukocytes protect body against disease. extracellular matrix restricts movement of infections organisms

34
Q

body membranes

A

formed from epithelial tissue bound to underlying connective tissue. lines body cavities, covers viscera and body’s external surfaces

35
Q

4 types of body membranes

A

mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial

36
Q

mucous membrane

A

lines compartments that open to external environments. Absorb, protect, and secrete. Formed from epithelium and underlying connective tissue covered in mucus

37
Q

serous membrane

A

lines body cavities not opening to outside. Membrane is composed of simple squamous cells termed mesothelium. Produces serous fluid that is derived from blood plasma. functions to reduce friction between surfaces

38
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

skin; covers external surface of the body to protect internal organs and prevent water loss. it is composed of keratinized stratified squamous cells and underlying connective tissue

39
Q

synovial membrane

A

lines some joints; composed of areolar connective tissue covered by squamous epithelial cells with no basement membrane. Secretes synovial fluid that reduces friction among moving bones and brings nutrients to cartilage

40
Q

metaplasia

A

when epithelial cells change into another form as it adapts. (ex: smokers trachea- pseudostratified ciliated columnar to nonkeratinized stratified squamous

41
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size of existing cells of a tissue

42
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells of a tissue

43
Q

neoplasia

A

out of control tissue growth forming a tumor

44
Q

atrophy

A

shrinkage of tissue by decrease in cell number or size. results from inactivity or aging.

45
Q

necrosis

A

tissue death. causes an inflammatory response to the damage

46
Q

gangrene

A

necrosis of soft tissue due to lack of arterial blood supply. most common in diabetics and in the limbs. may require tissue removal and antibiotics

47
Q

intestinal gangrene

A

follows obstruction of blood supply to intestines

48
Q

dry gangrene

A

involved area is shriveled; usually due to extreme cold

49
Q

wet gangrene

A

caused by bacterial infection of tissue with loss of blood supply. the ruptured cells release fluid

50
Q

gas gangrene

A

bacteria invades necrotic tissue and produces gas bubbles

51
Q

changes to aging tissue

A

support, maintenance, and replacement of cells is less efficient. structure and chem. composition may change (get thinner and less resilient), less collagen, brittle bones, muscle and nervous atrophy

52
Q

components of integumentary system

A

skin, nails, hair, sweat and sebaceous glands

53
Q

Integument

A

skin covering to body; also known as cutaneous membrane. Serves as a barrier and visual indicator of health.

54
Q

study of skin

A

dermatology

55
Q

area of integument

A

1.5-2.0 m2

56
Q

thickness of integument

A

1.5-4.0mm

57
Q

what tissue types is the integument composed of

A

all 4

58
Q

3 layers of integument

A

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer

59
Q

thick skin

A

on palms and feet. has all 5 layers of epidermal strata and has sweat glands. no hair or sebaceous glands. 0.4-0.6 mm thick

60
Q

thin skin

A

covers most of body, lacks stratum lucidum. has sweat and sebaceous glands and hair. 0.075-0.15 mm thick

61
Q

Functions of integument

A

protection, prevention of water loss, metabolic regulation, secretion and absorption, temperature regulation, and immune function

62
Q

protection

A

protects against trauma, chemicals, toxins, microbes, temp, and solar radiation

63
Q

prevention of water loss

A

water cannot exit unless secreted by sweat glands. Integument is water resistant, not waterproof.

64
Q

transpiration

A

release of water vapor from sweat glands when not sweating. (some interstitial fluid penetrates through epidermis to air)

65
Q

Metabolic regulation

A

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is synthesized from a steroid precursor by keratinocytes upon uv exposure. D3 is released into blood and transported to liver where it is converted to an intermediate molecule. Transported to kidney and converted to calcitriol: the active form of vitamin d that is a hormone to increase absorption of calcium and phosphate to increase bone density and regulate those levels in the blood

66
Q

Secretion

A

Waste products are secreted onto skin during sweating (urea, salt, water)- this plays a role in electrolyte homeostasis. Sebum lubricates skin surface

67
Q

Absorption

A

Can absorb certain chemicals and drugs that are oil soluble. Skin is selectively permeable.

68
Q

Transdermal administration

A

oil soluble drugs delivered by an adhesive patch- absorbed in blood vessels of the dermis

69
Q

Temperature regulation

A

body temp influenced by capillaries and sweat glands. dilation and sweating=hot; constriction=cold

70
Q

Immune Function

A

dendritic cells within stratum spinosum in epidermis initiate immune response against pathogens and attack cancer cells. also found in dermis

71
Q

hemoglobin

A

oxygen binding compound present in red blood cells. Bright red when exposed to oxygen, gives blood vessels in dermis a reddish tint seen more easily in fair skin. More visible if blood vessels dilate. Helps determine skin color

72
Q

Melanin

A

pigment produced and stored in melanocytes- occurs in black, brown, tan, and yellow-brown shades. transferred to keratinocytes in stratum basale. Amount in skin due to heredity and light exposure All people have the same number of melanocytes.

73
Q

Carotene

A

yellow-orange pigment acquired from similarly colored vegetables. Accumulates in fat and keratinocytes of stratum corneum. Converted to vitamin a within body. Plays an important role in vision, reducing free radicals and immune function

74
Q

Hemangioma

A

skin discoloration due to benign blood vessel tumor.

75
Q

Capillary hemangiomas

A

appear in skin as bright red to deep purple nodules; usually present at birth and disappear in childhood. Known as strawberry-colored birthmarks.

76
Q

Cavernous hemangiomas

A

involves larger dermal blood vessels and may last a lifetime. known as port-wine stains

77
Q

Nevus

A

commonly called a mole. Overgrowth of melanin forming cells- rarely may become malignant and should be monitored

78
Q

Freckles

A

yellowish or brown spots. Represent localized areas of increased melanocyte activity. Degree of pigmentation based on heredity and sun exposure.

Bio 210 (14 decks)

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