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Bio 210 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

chemistry

A

study of matter, what its made of, how its put together, and how it interacts with energy

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2
Q

molecule

A

smallest unit of a compound. The smallest substance that retains the chemical

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3
Q

compound

A

contains atoms of different elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio.

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4
Q

3 forms of matter

A

liquid (holds volume(, solid (holds shape and volume), gas (holds neither)

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5
Q

atom

A

smallest particle that exhibits the chemical properties of an element

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6
Q

protons

A

positive charge of one

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7
Q

neutrons

A

no charge

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8
Q

electrons

A

negative charge of one; in orbitals

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9
Q

chemical compound

A

stable associations between 2 or more elements combined in a fixed ratio (ionic or molecular)

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10
Q

molecular compound

A

consists of molecules rather than ions, each atom shares enough electrons to fill valence shell (covalent).

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11
Q

ion

A

atom with a charge, produced from loss or gain of an electron

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12
Q

cations

A

positively charged ions

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13
Q

anions

A

negatively charged ions

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14
Q

Na+

A

most common extracellular cation, electrical signals in neurons

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15
Q

Ca2+

A

for blood clotting and muscle contraction

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16
Q

Cl-

A

in stomach acid

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17
Q

ionic bonds

A

cations and anions may bind to form an ionic bond. This bond donates or accepts electrons and is very strong

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18
Q

assigning charge rules

A

atoms with 1-3 electrons in valence will become cations, 5-7 = anions

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19
Q

covalent bond

A

atoms share electrons, occurs when both atoms require electrons (4-7 in valence)

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20
Q

four elements in the human body that form covalent bonds most commonly

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (CHON)

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21
Q

acid

A

a substance that dissociates in water to produce H+ and an anion; also called a proton donor (these solutions have a greater H+ than OH-)

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22
Q

base

A

accepts H+ when added to a solution; also called proton acceptor (these solutions have greater OH- than H+

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23
Q

pH

A

measure of how much H+ is in a solution. expressed as a number 0-14. a move from one # to the next is a tenfold change.

24
Q

neutral pH

A

solution with equal concentration of H+ and OH-

25
Q

neutralization

A

occurs when an acidic or basic solution is returned to neutral (neutralized by adding opposites)

26
Q

buffers

A

prevent pH changes if excess acid or base is added by accepting H+ from acids and donating H+ to neutralize bases

27
Q

organic molecules

A

molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen. biomolecules are a subset

28
Q

classes of biomolecules

A

lipids, carbs, nucleic acids, proteins

29
Q

Lipids

A

function as stored nutrients, cellular membrane components, and hormones. Monomers are fatty acids and glycerol.

30
Q

4 main types of fatty acids

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids

31
Q

triglycerides

A

Formed from a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. most common lipid in living things, functions to store energy, structural support, cushioning, and insulation.

32
Q

adipose tissue

A

forms triglycerides when energy is excess (lipogenesis) and breaks down triglycerides when needed (lipolysis)

33
Q

phospholipids

A

structure has one end of the glycerol with a phosphate group with another organic group which makes the hydrophilic head and a fatty acid group that is the hydrophobic tails. amphipathic (hydrophobic and hydrophilic) molecules forming cell membranes and repair cells.

34
Q

steroids

A

Helps control metabolism, inflammation, sex characteristics, immune function and more. ringed hydrocarbons. include cholesterol, steroid hormones, and bile salts.

35
Q

Eicosanoids

A

20 carbon fatty acids. made from arachidonic acid and function as local signaling molecules and inflammatory responses

36
Q

classes of eicosanoids

A

prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes

37
Q

glycolipids

A

lipid molecules with carbs attached, involved in cellular binding in plasma membrane

38
Q

carbs

A

an H- and OH- usually attached to every carbon. chemical formula= (CH2O)2. Monomers are monosaccharides, short term energy

39
Q

glucose and glycogen

A

glucose is a 6 carbon carb, most common monosaccharide, mainly supply energy to cells. Glycogen is its polysaccharide

40
Q

glycogenesis and glycogenolysis

A

construction or destruction of glycogen

41
Q

monosaccharides

A

glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose

42
Q

disaccharides

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose

43
Q

polysaccharides

A

glycogen in animals, starch and cellulose in plants

44
Q

nucleic acids

A

store and transfer genetic information. monomer is nucleotides. nucleotides are made up of a sugar molecule, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

45
Q

Dna

A

double stranded nucleic acid found in chromosomes in nucleus and mitochondria

46
Q

rna

A

single stranded nucleic acid in nucleus and within cytoplasm of a cell

47
Q

purines

A

adenine, guanine

48
Q

pyrimidines

A

cytosine, uracil

49
Q

atp

A

adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups. provides energy

50
Q

NAD+ and FAD

A

nucleotides that help form atp

51
Q

proteins

A

function as catalysts, defense, transport, support, movement, regulation, and storage. strands of amino acids

52
Q

amino acids

A

20 in living organisms, linked by peptide bonds

53
Q

oligopeptide

A

3-20 amino acids

54
Q

polypeptides

A

21-199 amino acids

55
Q

protein

A

more than 200 amino acids

56
Q

glycoproteins

A

proteins with a carb attached (if on erythrocytes determine blood type)

Bio 210 (14 decks)

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