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AP European History > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

Black Death

A

Date: 1347-1351

Description: A bubonic plague that struck 14th century Europe

Preconditions: Overpopulation, Three-Field System, Famine, Malnutrition

Characteristics: Discoloration of the body, effects on lungs

Cause/Spread: Fleas infected rats that bore on ships from the Black Sea. Trade and self-flagellation spread it further.

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2
Q

Hundred Years’ War

A

Description: War between England and France over who controlled territory and had claim over French throne. Struggle for national identity.

Causes: Edward III exerting his claim to the French throne, proximity, land boundaries.

Result: France wins national identity. England becomes more independent with their textile industry.

Length: May 1337 - October 1453

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3
Q

Great Schism

A

Description: A period when there were two contending popes, Pope Urban VI (Italian) and Clement VII (French)
Effects/Consequences: Church lost credit
Years: 1378-1417

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4
Q

Renaissance

A

Rebirth of classical and ancient culture/learning. Transition from medieval to modern times. A gradual release of the full whole nature of man. Revival of ancient learning and culture. Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture.

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5
Q

Machiavelli

A
  • Nationalist: wanted to unite Italy
  • Humanist: Loved Roman political history
  • Republican: Believed that an elected body of edu. officials would be best for Italy. Not a democracy, because most of the laity was uneducated.
  • Wrote “The Prince” (Dedicated to Lorenzo the Magnificent’s grandson, this work justified the use of fear for rulers to maintain power.)
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6
Q

Regions of conflict between the “One” vs. the “Many”

A

The “One” Wins: France, England, Spain.

The “Many” Win: HRE

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7
Q

Printing press

A
  • Johann von Guttenburg developed it
  • Increased the literacy of the laity (peasantry)
  • Printer’s Guild had great economic success.
  • Humanists could now spread their ideas over borders
  • Used for propaganda
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8
Q

Prince Henry the Navigator

A

Established trading posts on the coast of western Africa.

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9
Q

Amerigo Vespucci

A

a

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10
Q

Bartholomew Dias

A

Traveled to the Malabar coast of India and brought back spices.

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11
Q

Ferdinand Magellan

A

Circumnavigated the world

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12
Q

Columbus

A

a

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13
Q

Common goal of 13th-15th century lay religious movements

A

Imitation of Christ, go back to the basic life modeled after Christ

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14
Q

Brothers of the Common Life

A

Based on the New Testament model of Jesus, a lay religious life of prayer and study without surrendering the world, retained old clerical doctrines and values but placed them within the new framework of an active common life, met a need for more personal piety and a more informed religious life

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15
Q

Thomas a Kempis

A

Wrote Imitation of Christ, which summarized the philosophy of the Modern Devotions/Brothers of the Common Life

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16
Q

Martin Luther

A

a

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17
Q

Peace of Augsburg

A
  1. Granted German nobles the right to choose between Lutheranism and Roman Catholicism as the religion of their realm.
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18
Q

John Calvin

A
  • Wrote “The Institutes of a Christian Religion” which acted as the base doctrinal work for other Protestants
  • Believed in predestination
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19
Q

Henry VIII

A
  • Tudor Dynasty
  • Wrote “Defense of the Seven Sacraments” and was declared Defender of the Faith
  • Established the Church of England
  • Had six wives
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20
Q

Council of Trent

A
  • 1545-1563
  • Made no doctrinal concessions/re-affirmed all 7 sacraments
  • Established internal church discipline
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21
Q

Spakespeare

A
  • Playwright during the reign of Elizabeth I
  • Moderate view on politics
  • Plays
    1597: Romeo and Juliet
    1603: Hamlet
    1604: Othelo
    1605: King Lear
    1606: Macbeth
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22
Q

Elizabeth I

A
  • Politique
  • Elizabethan Settlement: Restored the Anglican Church with a combination of Protestant teachings and Catholic power hierarchies (the presence of a bishop, an archbishop, priests, etc. - all having varied degrees of power)
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23
Q

Henry IV

A
  • Major Achievement: Edict of Nantes - granted religious toleration to Huguenots and the right to fortify their cities
  • Phrase: “Paris is worth a Mass.”
  • Politique
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24
Q

Treaty of Westphalia

A

End of Thirty Years’ War.

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25
Q

Dutch Netherlands (16th-17th century)

A
  • Seven northern provinces united after a revolt against Spain and declared themselves the United Provinces
  • Main religion: Calvinism
  • Economic Prosperity: High urban consolidation, transformed agriculture, trade and finance, and an overseas commercial empire.
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26
Q

English Civil War

A
  • 1642-1646/49
  • Cavaliers (supporters of the king) vs Roundheads (Parliamentary support)
  • Oliver Cromwell led the Roundheads and won using guerrilla warfare.
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27
Q

Louis XIV

A
  • John-Baptiste Colbert
  • Wars
    1667-68: War of Devolution
    1672-79: Franco-Dutch War
    1689-97: Nine Years War
    1701-1714: War of Spanish Succession
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28
Q

Pragmatic Sanction

A
  1. Put in place by Charles VI to guarantee that Hapsburg lands were united and that Maria Theresa (his daughter) would inherit the throne safely.
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29
Q

Peter the Great

A
  • Legacy:
  • Expanded Russian territory
  • Army
  • Water port
  • Window to the west
  • Made Russia relevant to European affairs
  • Reforms
  • Administrative Colleges - Bodies of royal officials selected from royal nobles and subjects. Looked over economy, military, and domestic and foreign affairs. Operated under explicit orders from Peter.
  • Table of Ranks (1722) - Tied one’s social rank to their service to the state.
  • The Holy Synod - Religious government body which replaced the head bishop of the church. Made up of groups of bishops directed by Peter to run the church.
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30
Q

Scientific Revolution

A
  • Description: The process that established the new view of the universe. Often reexamining and rethinking theories and data from the ancient world.
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31
Q

Reneé Descartes

A
  • Method of Deduction
  • Thinking things vs Things occupying space
  • Wrote “Discourse on Method” which rejected scholastic philosophy and education. Advocated thought founded on a mathematical model.
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32
Q

Galileo

A
  • Laws of motion and inertia
  • Publicly advocated for the Copernicus view of the universe (heliocentrism)
  • Forced to recant his belief of heliocentrism in 1633 by Pope Urban VIII
  • House arrest
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33
Q

Witchhunts

A
  • Causes: Superstition, speculation of unknown, used as scapegoats, gap of high magic (church) to low magic (civilian).
  • Targets: Mostly women, 40 years or older that were single or widowed, midwives, “cunning folk” healers or herbalists.
  • Decline: The new science brought reasoning.
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34
Q

Baroque art and artists

A
  • Mechanism of Catholic counter-Reformation
  • Naturalistic as opposed to idealized. Interest in natural knowledge associated with the rise of the new science and the deeper understanding of human anatomy.
  • Michelangelo Caravaggio
  • St. Peter’s Basilica
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35
Q

Old Regime

A
  • Description: Patterns of social, economic, and political relationships in France pre-1789, before the revolution.
  • Social: People saw themselves as members of a group with certain privileges, not as individuals.
  • Economic: Food scarcity, predominant agriculture
36
Q

Family economy

A
  • Household = basic unit of production and consumption. All goods and income went to the entire family, not just one member.
  • Farming efforts went towards producing food or good to exchange for food.
  • Dominated life of skilled urban artisans in the West (parents and kids), and dominated serfdom in the East (extended families).
37
Q

Agricultural Revolution

A
  • Dutch landlords and farmers: Better ways to build dikes and drain land, introduced new crops
  • Jethro Tull: Used iron plows to deeply turn soil. Planting wheat by drill. (Seed drill and iron plow)
  • Charles Townsend: Crop rotation, restored soil nutrients and supplied animal fodder (crop rotation and fertilizers)
  • Robert Bakewell: Pioneered new methods of animal breeding that produced more and better animals and more milk and meat
38
Q

Reasons for Britain being the site of the start of the Industrial Revolution

A
  1. Home to London, center of fashion
  2. Single largest free-trade area. Good roads and water ways.
  3. Natural resources. Rich deposits of coal and iron ore.
  4. Stable political structure. No privileged tax exemptions toward the nobility.
  5. Colonial demand.
39
Q

Mercantilism

A

Definition: Close government control of the economy that sought to maximize exports and accumulate as much previous metal as possible to enable the state to defend its economic and political interests. / Heavy government regulation over trade and commerce to increase national wealth.

Operated under the assumption that there was a fixed quantity of resource in the world, therefore growth of countries would be zero-sum.

40
Q

Seven Years’ War

A

Great Britain becomes a major superpower. Prussia maintains Silesia.

41
Q

American Resentment towards British Policy

A

Americans felt that they weren’t represented in Parliament and that with their colonial government being financed from the outside, they could lose control over it

42
Q

Enlightenment

A
  • Two most important influences: Locke and Newton

-

43
Q

Rococo and Neoclassical Art

A

Rococo: Emphasis of pastel colors and play of light. Associated with aristocracy.

Neoclassical: Rarely suggest movement and often seem to stand still. Many Neoclassical painters used scenes of heroism and self-sacrifice from ancient history. Embodied a return to figurative and architectural models drawn from the Renaissance and the ancient world.

44
Q

Enlightened Monarchs

A

Concept: Absolute rulers using their power for the good of the people, such as promoting religious toleration and supporting education

Examples: Catherine the Great (Russia), Frederick the Great (Prussia), Joseph II (Austria)

45
Q

Causes of French Crises leading to Revolution

A
  • Peasant distress (rising bread prices)
  • Government Debt (Louis XVI’s luxurious life and the Seven Years’ War)
  • Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette’s unpopularity
  • Refusal of the Assembly of Notables to support Louis XVI’s program of tax reform leads to the calling of the Estates General
46
Q

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

A

July 1790. Placed French Catholic church under state control, stripped bishoprics from 135 in France to 83 (one for each department), set up clergy elections to be from the people, clergy’s salaries now paid by the government, and required an oath of loyalty. Those who took the oath were known as “jurying” clergy where those who didn’t were known as “refractory.” The constitution was condemned by Pope Pious the VI. This made people choose between the revolution and the church.

47
Q

September Massacres

A
  1. Paris Commune executed about 1200 people, mostly peasants (counter-revolutionaries and pro-royalists).
48
Q

Reign of Terror

A

July 1793 - August 1794. The Committee Public Safety executes thousands of “dangerous class enemies,” led by Robespierre.

49
Q

Thermidorian Reaction

A

Took place during the month called “Thermidor.” Executed Robespierre.

50
Q

Napoleon Bonaparte

A

From Corsica which had been conquered by France in 1768. Became an artillery expert. Became known in 1793 from claiming Toulon from the British. The Convention used him to disperse royalists.

51
Q

Continental System

A

1806-1810. AKA the Milan Decree. Economic embargo between Britain the major European nations (excluding Portugal). Ended up hurting the French allies economically more than it did Britain. Created resentment towards France.

52
Q

Congress of Vienna

A

1814-1815.
Quadruple Alliance met (Russia, Prussia, Austria, Britain).
#1 Goal: Prevent France from dominating the continent.
- a) Bourbon restoration (accomplished through Treaty of Chaumont)
- b) Fair territorial adjustments (also accomplished through Treaty of Chaumont)
- c) Created buffer states around France

53
Q

Romantic Movement

A

The late 18th century reaction thought to be of the Enlightenment, in response to the Revolution and age of Napoleon. Sought to revive Christianity, restore aspects of the Middle Ages, supplement reason with imagination and emphasized feelings/emotion

54
Q

19th Century Nationalistic Pressures

A
  • Ireland (independence from Britain)
  • Austrian Empire (Germans critiqued its multi-national structure)
  • Italian Peninsula (sought to unify Italian-speaking people)
  • Poland (wanted to establish an independent nation from Russia)
  • Central and Eastern Europe (Hungarians, Czechs, and Slovenes sought independence and/or formal recognition)
  • Balkan peninsula (Serbs, Greeks, Albanian, Romanians, and Bulgarians sought independence from the Ottomans)
55
Q

Major pillars of conservatism (19th c)

A

Legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies and established churches

56
Q

Events of 1830

A
  • Second Treaty of London grants Greek independence
  • Serbian independence
  • November Uprising
  • The July Revolution (Four Ordinances, abdication of Charles X, Louis Phillippe gains the throne)
  • The Belgian Revolution
  • Catholic Empancipation Act
57
Q

Emancipation of serfs

A

a

58
Q

Classical economists

A
  • Adam Smith: Wrote Wealth of Nations (1776), advocated for laissez-faire economics/free enterprise with minimal government regulation
  • Thomas Malthus: Wrote Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) which stated that the population outstripped the amount of food supply and encouraged family planning, late marriage, chastity, contraception, and low wages.
    -David Ricardo: Wrote Principles of Political Economy (1817) and came up with the “Iron Law of Wages” which stated:
    High wages → Population goes up and creates a larger work force → Low wages → Population goes down and creates a smaller work force → High wages
59
Q

Communist Manifesto

A
  • 1848
  • Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
  • Implied outright abolition of private property rather than Socialist thought of merely rearranging society
  • Influences: German Hegelianism, French Utopian Socialism and British classical economics
60
Q

Revolutions of 1848

A

Definition: Liberal, nationalistic revolts started in France then spread throughout Italy and Austria. Started because of food shortages, unemployment and general dissatisfaction. Led by liberal aristocrats and nationalists. Failed because of internal division.

61
Q

Crimean War

A
  • 1853-1856
  • Causes
    1. Roman Catholics being assigned to care for holy sites as opposed to Orthodox Christians.
    2. Russian desire to extend control of Ottoman provinces
  • Russia use their right to protect Orthodox Christianity in the Ottoman Empire as justification to occupy that territory.
  • Britain and France oppose Russia expansion. Napoleon III hopes a war will foster domestic support.
  • First war to be covered by war correspondents and photographers
  • Ended with the Treaty of Paris, requiring Russia to surrender territory of the Danube River, recognize neutrality of the Black sea, and renounce its claim to protect Orthodox Christianity
  • Discredited the Concert of Europe
62
Q

Italian Unification

A
  • Piedmont-Sardinia was the only Italian stated rules by an Italian dynasty, and therefore led unification.
  • Cavour is Victor Emmanuel II’s PM. He was a Realpolitik (“the politics of reality”), combining power politics and secret diplomacy. (Head)
  • Mazzini was an Italy nationalist inspired by romantic ideals of nationalism. (Heart and Soul)
  • Garibaldi (the sword) unites the South. He successfully invades the kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
  • Cavour forms an alliance with Napoleon to drive Austria out of Northern Italy.
63
Q

German Unification

A
  • Otto von Bismarck is a staunch conservative prime minister of Prussia. Basically is the driving force for German unification.
  • Seven Weeks’ War: Prussian win in the war with Austria. Austria agrees to the dissolution of the German Confederation (excluding Austria from German affairs), the North German Confederation is born (dominated by Prussia), and Italy annexes Venetia.
  • War with France: Started with the Bad Ems Telegram. Prussians win. King William I is proclaimed the first German Empire. France loses Alsace and Lorraine to the German empire, which ruins the economy and French national pride. This also created a new European balance of power.
64
Q

French Rulers since 1789 to the 1800’s

A

a

65
Q

Ausgleich

A
  1. Established the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
66
Q

Reforms of Russian Alexander II

A
  • Abolition of Serfdom
  • Reform of Local Government and the Judicial System
  • Military Reform
  • Repression in Poland
67
Q

Bolsheviks

A

a

68
Q

Criticism of the Treaty of Versailles and the Paris Peace Settlement

A

Germany, Britain and the United States believed that the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh. But France wanted it to be enforced more heavily.

69
Q

Second Industrial Revolution

A

a

70
Q

Obstacles to equality for women

A

a

71
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

a

72
Q

Charles Darwin

A

a

73
Q

Scramble for Africa

A

a

74
Q

Politics and Economics after Versilles

A

Political

  • Communism in Russia
  • Fascism in Italy
  • Experimental Democracies (Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia)
  • Women and disenfranchised men could vote in some instances.

Economic

  • Casualties
  • European financial drain
  • New map = new laws, tariffs, and trade barriers
  • Russian withdrawal
  • Colonies
75
Q

The most important political development after World War 1

A

USSR

76
Q

Fascism

A

“Strength with unity.” Right-wring, anti-Socialist, anti-Democratic, anti-Semitic, favored single-party rule, favored middle class, very nationalistic.

77
Q

Weimar Republic

A
  • Controlled mainly by liberals, Socialists, and Democrats after Wilhelm II’s abdication in 1918.
  • Fredrich Ebert became the first president and was blamed by German citizens for the negative impacts of WW1.
  • Constitution was enlightened in the sense that it provided civil liberties and universal suffrage. However, it was flawed because 1) small radical groups could gain power and 2) the president could appoint a chancellor without vote.
  • Lack of Support: The Ruhr Uprising (March 1920), left-wing strike & Kapp Putsch (March 1920), right-wing strike
78
Q

Key events of World War 2 in chronological order

A

a

79
Q

Holocaust

A

Ideologies:

  • Anti-Semitism
  • Pseudo-scientific racism
  • Enlightenment idea that “utopian” societies with an “ideal” group of people could exist

Conditions:

  • Propaganda
  • Technology
  • Extreme nationalism

Stats:
- 6 million Jews murdered

80
Q

British Domestic Front during World War 2

A
  • BBC British propaganda
  • Transportation facilities strained
  • Food and clothing scarce
  • All land farmed
  • Gasoline scarce
  • Private vehicles almost nonexistent
81
Q

French Domestic Front during World War 2

A
  • German occupation allowed by an armistice established in 1940
  • Vichy Regime encouraged nationalism and Anti-Semitism.
  • French National Committee of Liberalism / “Free French”
82
Q

USSR Domestic Front during World War 2

A
  • Most suffering out of any nation in WW2
  • Propaganda - confiscated radios
  • Russian patriotism
83
Q

German Domestic Front during World War 2

A
  • Manufacturing of armaments replaces production of consumer goods.
  • Severe labor shortages
  • Emphasis on women who were mothers to military figures, those who remained loyal to their husbands fighting in the war, and those who preserved racial purity
  • Labor shortages
  • Propaganda
84
Q

Political movements that have shaped the international community

A

Communism, Fascism

85
Q

Reasons and results of European decolonization

A

a

86
Q

Most historical event in the last half of the 20th century

A

1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall

AP European History (17 decks)

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