Chapter 22: Age of Nation States

Question 1

Causes of the Crimean War

Answer 1

The Ottoman Empire gives Roman Catholics control of its Holy sites. In response, Russia occupies Moldova and Walachia to protect Orthodox Christians.

Question 2

Uniqueness of the Crimean War

Answer 2

First war to have war correspondents and photographers

Question 3

Nations involved in the Crimean War

Answer 3

Britain, France, Ottoman Empire vs Russia

Question 4

Facts about Florence Nightingale

Answer 4

Founder of Modern Nursing, known as “the lady with the lamp”

Question 5

Effects of the Crimean War

Answer 5

Russia had to surrender territory, recognize the neutrality of the Black Sea, and renounce its claim of protecting Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire. Russia’s perceived invincibility falters. Discredited the Concert of Europe. This ultimately led to unstable foreign relations.

Question 6

Reforms of the Ottoman Empire

Answer 6

1) Sharif of Güihane: Attempted to reorganize administration and military along European lines. Liberalized economy, ended tax farming, and sought to eliminate corruption. AKA The Tanzimat Era
2) Natti-Sharif: Civic equality between religions

Question 7

Nationalist leaders of Italy and their significance

Answer 7

1) Carbonari: “Charcoal burners.” Though ineffective, this was the most famous secret republican society of Italy.
2) Mazzini: Most important nationalist leader in Europe. Founded the Young Italy Society (1831) to drive out Austria.
3) Garibaldi: Led insurrections
4) Cavour: Prime minister of Piedmont. Fostered the Nationalist Society to unify nationalists to unit Italy under Piedmont’s leadership.

Question 8

Count Camillo Cavour and philosophical parallels

Answer 8

Prime minister of Sardinia-Piedmont. Conservative, moderate liberal whose ideas paralleled Machiavelli.

Question 9

Political ideology and form of government favored by Cavour

Answer 9

Conservative/moderate liberal who believed that economic and material progress would earn Italian sovereignty. Favored constitutional monarchy.

Question 10

Agreement between Cavour and Napoleon III

Answer 10

Pact of Plombiéres (1858) - Resulted from Napoleon III’s attempted assassination, agree to provoke war against Austria.

Question 11

Circumstances leading to Venetia’s incorporation into Italian Nation

Answer 11

1866. Gained from Austria in return for Italy’s alliance with Prussia during the Austro-Prussian war.

Question 12

Role of Sardinia-Piedmont in Italian Unification

Answer 12

Buffer state between France and Austria that led the way.

Question 13

Cavour’s keys to the unification of Italy

Answer 13

1) Economic independence/industrialization
2) Nationalism
3) Foreign intervention (namely France)

Question 14

Facts about/significance/role of Guiseppe Garibaldi in Italian Unification

Answer 14

Sword. United Sicily and Naples.

Question 15

The Birth of Italy as a Nation

Answer 15

1861

Question 16

Most important political development between 1848-1914

Answer 16

German unification

Question 17

Facts about Otto von Bismarck

Answer 17

Junker, a former liberal who became conservative. Known as “The Iron Chancellor” or “Ol’ Blood and Iron.” Advocated for kleindeutsch, German unification that excluded Austria.

Question 18

Two strongest and rival states of the German Confederation

Answer 18

Austria and Prussia

Question 19

Evidence that Bismarck was a pragmatist (quote)

Answer 19

“Germany is not looking to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power… The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and majority decisions – that was the mistake of 1848-1849 – but by blood and iron.”

Question 20

Reasons for Bismarck’s embrace of German Nationalism

Answer 20

Bismarck sought to take away popular support from Prussian liberals who prevented the government from collecting and spending previously granted taxes. If German unification was successful under conservative measures, liberal ones would be discredited.

Question 21

Causes of the Danish War of 1864

Answer 21

Kings of Denmark ruled over Schleswig and Holstein to the point of the Danish Parliament wanting to annex both duchies. However, Germans predominated in Holstein which was apart of the German Confederation. In order to protect German unification, Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark in 1864.

Question 22

Effects of the Seven Weeks’ War

Answer 22

AKA Austro-Prussian War. Austria is weakened and left out of German affairs. Kleindeutsch is achieved.

Question 23

Houses of the North German Government

Answer 23

1) Bundesrat - composed of members appointed by the government of the states
2) Reichstag - Chosen by universal male suffrage

Question 24

The Bad-Ems Telegram

Answer 24

Leopold of Hohenzollern is chosen for the Spanish crown → Doesn’t taken it in order to prevent a war between France and Prussia → Paranoid France wants a guarantee that the Hohenzollerns won’t take Spain → Leopoldo claims he isn’t planning to take Spain, but can’t promise that Hohenzollern claim to territory won’t happen in future generations. The message was tame. → Bismarck edits the message to make it appear as if the king of Prussia was insulting the French ambassador → Triggers a Franco-Prussian War which forces German nationalism

Question 25

Facts about the Franco-Prussian War

Answer 25

1870-1871. Triggered by the Bad-Ems Telegram.

Question 26

French Rulers since 1789

Answer 26

Louis XVI, Napoleon I, Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis Phillippe, (Louis) Napoleon III, Adolphe Thiers, Patrice de MacMahon

Question 27

Facts about the Paris Commune

Answer 27

Socialist government that tried to run Paris independently. Eventually was crushed by the National Assembly.

Question 28

Impact of emergence of German Empire

Answer 28

A strong stable nation in Central Europe that could threaten other countries

Question 29

Facts about the Dreyfus Affair

Answer 29

Greatest trauma of the Third Republic. On December 22, 1894, Captain Alfred Dreyfus is found guilty of passing secret information to the German army. It was confirmed in 1896 that this evidence was forged, however Dreyfus was already sent to Devil’s Island. This ultimately demonstrated the injustice done on behalf of a conservative, republican government, therefore discrediting them.

Question 30

The Ausgleich of 1867

Answer 30

Ausgleich means “compromise.” This was the agreement between the Habsburg Empire and the Hungarians to give Hungary considerable administrative autonomy. It created the Dual Monarchy, or Austria-Hungary.

Question 31

Czech Trialism and opposition to it

Answer 31

“Trialism” is synonymous to triple monarchy, in which the Czechs would have a similar position to that of the Hungarians within the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The Magyars (nobility) were in opposition to this policy in fear that this would mean they’d have to make similar concessions to their subjects.

Question 32

Reforms of Alexander II

Answer 32

1. Abolition of Serfdom
   - 1861
   - Gave him the nickname “Tsar Liberator”
2. Reform of Local Government and the Judicial System
   - More “Western”
3. Military Reform
   - 1860: Reduces years of service from 25 to 15
   - Discipline is relaxed
   - 1874: Only 6 of those 15 years is active duty
4. Repression in Poland
   - Enforcing of Russian law, language, and administration in Poland

Question 33

Problems with Serfdom in Russia

Answer 33

• Created a profound social gap that separated Russia from the rest of the continent
• Economically inefficient
• Threat of revolt
• Poor performance in the army
• Serfdom was increasingly being seen as immoral.

Question 34

Impacts that emancipation had on Russian serfs

Answer 34

Serfs received the personal right to marry without their landlord’s permission, rights to buy and sell property, to sue in court, and pursue free trade. However, newly freed serfs had to pay the landlords over a period of 49 years plus charged interest, and until their debt was paid, peasants couldn’t receive title to the land.

Question 35

Relationship of Poland with Russia prior to WW1

Answer 35

Poland was treated as another Russian province. Alexander II moved to “Russify” Poland, implementing Russian law, language, and administration.

Question 36

Revolutionary groups in Russia during the reign of Tsar Alexander II

Answer 36

• Land and Freedom split up into two groups.
  1) One advocated for the education of peasants. Dissolved shortly.
  2) The People’s Will - dedicated to the overthrow of the autocracy. Decided to assassinate the tsar.

Question 37

Significance of William Gladstone’s ministry

Answer 37

Liberal democratic reforms reached an all time high during his ministry. Institutions still dominated by conservative clergy/aristocracy were opened up to all walks of life for religious affiliation, more civic jobs were made available based on merits instead of former patronages, the purchasing of military offices was abolished, Anglican requirements at Cambridge & Oxford were removed, and voting by secret ballot was introduced (reduced voting fraud/corruption).

Education Act (1870)

• Made education duty of government, rather than religious institutions.
• All these liberalist movements tried to limit abuse & emphasized citizen loyalty by muting any sources of popular discontent.

Question 38

Facts about Benjamin Disraeli

Answer 38

Pessimistic, conservative prime minister. Opposite of Gladstone. Only social reforms:

Public Health Act (1875) – gave government more power over private property 2 ensure health/well-being of citizens

Artisan Housing Act (1875) – provided government housing for working class
British trade union given new allowances & protections – liberalistic reforms

Question 39

Ireland’s movement for home rule

Answer 39

Irish autonomy/control of local government and land management.

• Gladstone eliminated the Church of Ireland in 1869, therefore Catholic Irish no longer had to pay taxes to a Protestant church.
• Gladstone provided compensation to those who lost everything in the Irish Potato Famine.