Chapter 26: Alliances, War, and a Troubled Peace

Question 1

Significance of new German Empire in Europe

Answer 1

1871.

• Human and natural resources
• Industrial economy – Britain had a new industrial rival.
• Growing military
• Austria is weakened because of its exclusion from German unification and growing nationalistic tensions in its realms.
• Russia weakened by its backwardness.
• France falls from major superpower to a republic.

Question 2

Bismarck’s goal for Germany

Answer 2

Otto von Bismarck was known as the “Honest Broker.” He didn’t want any new territory. Instead, he sought to prevent wars that would threaten what Germany gained during its unification.

Question 3

Facts about the Russo-Turkish War of 1877

Answer 3

Russia used a Slavic rebellion against Turkish rule (Russia plays the “big brother” of the pan-slavic people in their fight for nationalism). Seized control of territory in the Black Sea, such as the Dardanelle Strait and Constantinople.

Question 4

Facts and Results of the Congress of Berlin

Answer 4

1878. International conference to review the results of the Treaty of San Stefano. Presided over by Otto von Bismarck.

Question 5

Three Emperor’s League

Answer 5

1873. Included the three strongest conservative powers –
      Germany:
      Austria: Francis Joseph
      Russia: Tsar Alexander II

Short-lived due to Austrian and Russian disagreements about Ottoman territory in the Balkans.

Question 6

Triple Alliance

Answer 6

1882: Italy joins the Dual Alliance of Austria-Hungary and Germany.

Question 7

Dual Alliance

Answer 7

1879. Secret treaty between Austria-Hungary and Germany. Provided that they would come to each other’s aide if threatened by Russia and stay neutral if threatened by another country.

Question 8

Entente Cordiale

Answer 8

1904. An informal, non-binding agreement to aid one another between Britain and France against Germany.
      - Settled differences they had over colonial holdings
      - Britain recognizes France’s oversight of Morocco.
      - France gives Britain uncontested authority over Egypt.

Question 8

Triple Entente

Answer 8

Causes of Britain’s Alarm:
- Naval race with Germany
- Germany’s plans of building a railroad from Berlin to Baghdad.
Results in Britain joining the Franco-Russian alliance in 1907 to combat

Question 9

Facts about Kaiser William II and his political goals

Answer 9

Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe.

Question 10

The “Powder Keg of Europe”

Answer 10

The Balkan Region

Question 11

Factors that led to WW1

Answer 11

-Assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Question 12

Impact of Second Moroccan Crisis

Answer 12

1911. Drew Britain and France into a stronger alliance to protect each other’s interests in North African and the Mediterranean against Germany.

Question 14

Facts and significance about the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Answer 14

• He was assassinated June 28, the same day that Serbia gained independence from the Ottoman Empire.
• This would ultimately act as the trigger for WW2.

Question 15

Responses from the Dual Alliance and Triple Entente following the assassination of Francis Ferdinand

Answer 15

Dual Alliance: Germany gives Austria-Hungary a “blank check.” Austria-Hungary issues an ultimatime, or a final set of demands (July 23, 1913). These are impossible demands that Austria-Hungary wants Serbia to give. So, in 1914, Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia for not meeting these demands.
Triple Entente: Russia positions troops along the Austrian border. France gives a “blank check” to Russia. Great Britain enjoys splendid isolation. July 30, 1914 - Troops are mobilized.

Question 16

First country to mobilize against Russia

Answer 16

Germany

Question 17

The Schlieffen Plan

Answer 17

1905. Attack plan by Germans for quickly winning the war against France, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare. This was Germany’s attempt to avoid a two-front war.

Question 18

Reasons Germany was blamed for the war

Answer 18

Bismarck was the one who created the tangle of alliances and Germany was the country that called for war.

Question 19

Facts/Characteristics/Battles of the Western Front

Answer 19

Trench warfare

Question 20

Weapons used during WW1

Answer 20

Machine gun (most deadly), submarines/U-boats, tanks, zeppelins, and airplanes

Question 21

New Entries into the war starting 1915 and the sides they joined

Answer 21

• Ottoman Empire (Central)
• Bulgaria (Central)
• Japan (Allies)
• Italy (Allies)

Question 22

Colonel T.E. Lawrence and his role during WW1

Answer 22

“He aided in the Arab revolt of 1916-18 and aperently has a thing for dudes.” -Aeden Anbesse

Question 23

Facts about the Battle of Gallipoli

Answer 23

1915-1916. Allied forces attacked the Ottoman Empire because they wanted to gain some trade route. Winston Churchill leads this. The Allies lose.

Question 24

Reasons for U.S. entry into WW1

Answer 24

• The Russian Revolution causes Russia to pull out of the war
• The sinking of Lusitania, 128 Americans died

Question 25

Woodrow Wilson’s view of WW1

Answer 25

President Woodrow Wilson sought a Declaration of War against Germany in order that the world “be made safe for democracy.”

Question 26

Causes of the March Revolution in Russia

Answer 26

Collapse of the monarchy’s ability to govern. Although public opinion supported Russia’s part in the Great War, it had overtaxed Russia’s resources and the efficiency of the government.

• Military and domestic failure caused massive casualties, widespread hunger, strikes by workers, and disorganization in the army.
• Peasant discontent in the countryside
• In the tsar’s absence, corrupt ministers took charge and discredited the government to even conservative monarchists.
• All political factions in the Duma, Russia’s Parliament, were overwhelmingly discontent.

Question 27

Significance of Rasputin in Russian political affairs

Answer 27

Monk who lived with the family of the tsar and was rumored to have cured their son of hemophilia.

Question 28

Facts about the Bolsheviks

Answer 28

• Worked against the provisional government
• Demanded that all political power to go the soviets, which they controlled.
• Lenin’s slogan: “Peace, Bread, and Land”
• Of all the groups contending for power in 1917, the Bolshevik party was the best organized and most skillfully lead.
• Propaganda promised an immediate end to the war and class oppression

Question 29

Description and significance of Soviets

Answer 29

Local economic and political councils that workers and peasants organized themselve into in order to express their discontent.

Question 30

Actions of Bolsheviks after seizing power

Answer 30

• Their first action was to end the war, which was accomplished through the issuing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
• Renamed Russia the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1922.
• Renamed itself as the Communist Party
• Moved the capital from Petrograd to Moscow

Question 31

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Answer 31

Treaty between Russia and Germany in 1917. Caused Russia to pull out of World War 1 and led to the US entering the war.

Question 32

Last German Offensive

Answer 32

1918. Western front. Unsuccessful.

Question 33

Casualties of WW1

Answer 33

10 million dead, 20 million wounded

• Central Powers: 4 million
• Allies: 5 million
• Innocent Civilians: 1 million

Question 34

Effects of the War

Answer 34

• Casualties (10 million dead, 20 million wounded)
• Political (colonial unrest)
• Economy (Europe became a debtor instead of the creditor.)
• USA emerges as the most stable, democratic state in the world.
• Communism (from Russia)
• Fascism (Italy)
• WW2

Question 35

Results/Effects of the Treaty of Versailles and severs regarding The Ottoman Empire

Answer 35

1919. Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1) stripped Germany of all armed forces 2) Germany had to repair war damages ($33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons.

Question 36

Facts about the Greco-Turkish War

Answer 36

1919-1922.

Question 37

The “Big Four”

Answer 37

Prime Ministers David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, and President Woodrow Wilson of the USA.

Question 38

Obstacles to Peace faced by the “Big Four”

Answer 38

1) Publicity - Country leaders are in the public eye
2) Woodrow Wilson - His Fourteen Points weren’t realistic.
3) Nationalism - Ethnic groups demand recognition and/or independence.
4) The Victors - Promised each other things that couldn’t be granted. Caused tension between nations.
5) Bolshevism
6) The Treaty of Versailles
7) League of Nations

Question 39

The terms demanded of Germany in the Treaty of Versailles

Answer 39

Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty…
1) stripped Germany of all armed forces, limited troops to 100,000 that effectively became a coastal defense military 2) Germany had to repair war damages ($33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI and 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons.

Question 40

Facts about the League of Nations

Answer 40

Formed June 28, 1919.

Suggested Five Permanent Members: The United States, Italy, Japan, Britain, and France.

Its purpose was to respect and preserve territorial integrity among nations. However, it proved to be ineffective because there was no military to enforce its sanctions.

Question 41

Key concepts/parts of Wilson’s Fourteen Points

Answer 41

Call for post-war peace.

1) Self-determination: Once the war was over, the individual ethnic groups should choose whether or not they want to self-govern.
2) Open Diplomacy: Prevents secret alliances
3) Freedom of the seas
4) Disarming of military
5) International Peace Keeping Organization (League of Nations)

Question 42

World War I and its impact on European colonialism

Answer 42

WW1 led to colonial unrest.

Question 43

Criticisms regarding the terms of the Paris Peace Settlement/Treaty of Versailles

Answer 43

John Maynard Keynes, a British economist, wrote “Economic Consequences of the Peace” in 1920, stating that because the Treaty of Versailles was so immoral and harsh and World War 2 would occur.