Chapter 12: Religious Wars Flashcards by Victoria Stafford

Baroque and Plain Architectural Styles

Baroque: Catholic, richly ornate and decorative, meant to impress and draw people back into the Catholic Church. Peter Paul Rubens (1571-1640)

Plain: Protestant. Imitation of Christ’s simplicity, attempt to get away from the materialistic ways of the Catholic Church. Rembrandt Van Rijn (1606-1669)

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Definition of politique and examples/non-examples

One who places political stability over religious unity

Examples: William of Orange, Elizabeth I, Henry IV

Non-examples: Mary I, Philip II, Oliver Cromwell

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Competing families in France after death of Henry II

Guise, Montmorency-Chatillion, Borbouns

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Characteristics and Facts about French Protestants

Called Huguenots, 1/15 of the French population, 2/5 of the aristocracy, also made up of discontented townspeople.

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Events which started the French Wars of Religion

Massacre of Vassy in 1562, duke of Guise surprised Protestants and massacred worshipers that were exercising their rights granted to them by the January Edict

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Effects of the Peace of Saint Germain-en-Laye

Passed in 1570. Acknowledged the power of the Protestant nobility, Protestants were given more power, such as the right to fortify their cities. Bourbons started getting more powerful.

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St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

August 24, 1572. Killed 3,000 Huguenots the first day, killed up to 20,000+ in following weeks. Supported by Guise, Catherine di Medici, Philip II. Protestants throughout Europe see and aid Protestants in France.

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Henry IV of France

First Protestant Bourbon king, ended the Valois dynasty, Uttered the words, “Paris is worth a mass” and “chicken in every pot on Sunday.” Signed the Edict of Nantes that ended the French Wars of Religion in 1598.

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Facts about the Edict of Nantes

Stated Catholicism as the official state religion, settled differences between Catholics and Huguenots, granted Protestants the power to fortify their cities. Under criticism because it led to the creation of states within a larger nation state, or turned a hot war into a cold war.

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Key players of the French Religious Wars

Henry of Guise, Henry III, Henry of Navarre, Coligny (Montmorency-Chatillion), Conde (Bourbon), Francis (Guise), Catherine di Medici

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Climax of English/Spanish hostilities

1588: Defeat of the Spanish Armada

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Characteristics of Philip II

Son of Charles V, Became king in 1558, not a politique, devout Catholic, lived in the Escorial

Pillars of his power:: Wealth, military, population, bureaucracy

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Condition of the Spanish economy in the 16th and 17th centuries

Huge class inequalities, growing demand but a limited amount of supply of commodity leading to inflation and overburdening of lower class

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The Compromise

Louis of Nassau led the opposition with the support of the Calvinist-minded lesser nobility and townspeople. The opposition drafted the Compromise in which they vowed to resist the decrees of the Council of Trent and the Inquisition.

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Philip II’s foreign policy and action during 1st half of reign

Focused on the Mediterranean against the Turks in the Battle of Lepanto.

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Perpetual Edict of 1577

Decreed that the Spanish had to remove all their troops from the Netherlands in 20 days

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Major area of resistance that prevented Spanish world empire

Netherlands

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Successors of Edward VI o f England

Lady Jane Grey, Mary I, Elizabeth I

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Facts about Mary I and her reign

Reigned 1553-1558. 287 Protestant leaders persecuted in the Marian Persecutions. Exiled John Knox who founded the Presbyterian religion in Scotland. Married Philip II of Spain. Lost Calais in 1558.

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Religious extremist who threatened the reign of Elizabeth I

Jesuits, Spain, Mary Queen of Scots, Puritans, Congregationalists, Presbyterians

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Facts about the Elizabeth settlement

1559: Compromise between Catholics and Protestants, integrated Protestant teachings with Catholic traditions and format in the Episcopal Church.

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39 Articles

Made moderate Protestantism the official religion

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Puritans, Presbyterians, and Congregationalists

Puritans: Sought to purify the Anglican Church
Presbyterians: Semi-autonomy
Congregationalist: Complete autonomy

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Causes for outbreak of war between Spain and England

1568: Duke of Alba takes 10,000 troops into the Spanish Netherlands which England perceives as a threat.
1570: Elizabeth I is excommunicated
1572: Pirating of Spanish ship by Sir Francis Drake and John Hawkins, St. Bartholomew’s Day
1587: Mary Queen of Scots executed.

Reasons for Pope Sixtus V's support of the Spanish Armada

Execution of Mary Queen of Scots

Significance of the defeat of the Spanish Armada

Marked the decline of Spanish supremacy in Europe, France starts becoming the new continental superpower thereafter, England becomes a major world power, and the Netherlands start to benefit from the spoils of the war

Preconditions of the Thirty Years' War

Fragmented/Decentralized Germany (HRE), Religious Division, Calvinism and the Palatinate, and Maximilian of Bavaria and the Catholic League

Significance of Bavaria to the Thirty Years' War

Center of Catholic power

Ecclesiastical Reservation

Froze territorial holdings of the Lutherans and Catholics from pre-1555.

Importance of Germany to Europe's merchants and traders

Effectively served as Europe's highway from north to south, included waterways and plains.

Significance of Heidelberg during the mid-16th century

German Geneva, center of Calvinistic teachings

Defensive alliance of Palatine Calvinists

England, Netherlands and France (who was always trying to get involved in national conflicts for a chance to gain political power)

Religious population of HRE in 17th century

Half and half, the majority slightly on the edge of Lutherans. North: Mostly Lutheran. South: Mostly Catholic.

The Defenestration of Prague

Protestants nobility threw regents out the window of the royal palace in response to Ferdinand's act of stamping out Protestant freedoms

Reason for Beginning of Thirty Years' War

Defenestration of Prague, Ferdinand II was being mean and started to stamp out Protestant freedoms

Actions of Ferdinand, king of Bavaria

Revoked religious freedoms of Bohemian Protestants

edict of Restitution

Made Calvinism illegal in the Danish Period

Battle of Breitenfeld

Turning point in the war, most decisive victory, Swedish won under Gustavus Adolfus II against the French.

Peace of Prague

1635: German Protestant states reached a compromise with Ferdinand. Was what the Peace of Augsburg was for Lutherans.

Depopulation of Germany in the Thirty Years' War

1/3, most since Black Death

Facts about the Treaty of Westphalia

Effects: Calvinism legalized, Switzerland becomes independent, Netherlands is officially recognized as an independent nation, Austria and Prussia become powerful within the HRE. About: Written in French and replaced Latin as the new official diplomatic language

Major Events Associated with Henry VII

War of Roses (1555-1585)

Major Events Associated with Henry VIII

Act of Supremacy (1534)

Major Events Associated with Mary I

Loss of Calais (1558), Persecution of Protestants

Major Events Associated with Edward VI

Act of Uniformity (1549)

Major Events Associated with Elizabeth I

Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588)

Year of 95 Theses

1517

Year of the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Succession

1534

Year of the Peace of Augsburg

1555

Year of the Diet of Worms

1521

Year of the Council of Trent

1545-1563

Years of the Thirty Years War

1618-1648

Year of Defeat of the Spanish Armada

1588

Year of St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

1572

Year of Pacification of Ghent

1576

Year of the end of the Tudor dynasty

1603

Spanish Fury (Antwerp)

1576: 7000 people were killed. The Spanish mercenaries lash out on Dutch citizens.

Stages of Thirty Years' War

Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, Swedish-French