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AP European History > Chapter 10: Renaissance and Discovery > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Renaissance and Discovery Flashcards

1
Q

Description of Renaissance

A

Rebirth of classical and ancient culture/learning. Transition from medieval to modern times. A gradual release of the full whole nature of man. Revival of ancient learning and culture. Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture.

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2
Q

Difference between Medieval and Renaissance Europe

A

Econ: Agriculture vs Trade, Industry and Marketing

Religious: Focused on the here/after vs the here and now and focus on worldly subjects.

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3
Q

Reasons Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance

A

Geography (the gateway between the east and the west), the growth/competition of city-states, the Holy Roman Empire, patrons, trade and commerce

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4
Q

Italian city states that played a key role in trade between Europe and Near East

A

Florence, Milan, Venice, the Papal States and Naples

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5
Q

Results of the conflict between the Pope and the Holy Roman Empire

A

Underneath the power struggle between the Pope and the HRE, the city-states were allowed to rise and become independent from both powerful entities.

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6
Q

Consequences of social strife and competition in Italian city-states

A

Rise of despots

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7
Q

Reaction of lower classes of Florence because of the Black Death

A

1378: Ciompi Revolt

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8
Q

Cosimo de Medici

A

Comes to power to 1444-1464, establishes stability in Florence

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9
Q

Professions of humanists

A

Teachers, poets, playwrights, orators, diplomats, secretaries

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10
Q

Facts about Francesco Petrarch

A

Father of Humanism. Collected ancient and classical manuscripts and documents. Wrote Sonnets to Laura.

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11
Q

Facts about Humanism

A

A study of Greek and Latin classics/ancient church doctrines. Focused on worldly subjects and the humanities. Driving force of the Renaissance.

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12
Q

Civic Humanism

A

Wisdom eloquently spoken, knowledge of good and the ability to inspire others to desire it. Practical wisdom, instead of being just book smart, being able to apply it.

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13
Q

Baldassare Castiglione

A

Wrote Book of the Courtier, which described how people in court should act: diverse in knowledge, musical ability, athletic, bi-lingual, cite poetry. Women were expected to be beautiful, graceful, charming, and a complement to men (not above them).

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14
Q

Characteristics of Renaissance Art

A

Realism and Expression, Perspective, Classicism (contrapposto), Individualism, Geometrical Arrangement (triangles), Light and Shadowing (chiaroscuro and sfumato)

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15
Q

Significance of Giotto to the Renaissance

A

Father of Renaissance painting

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16
Q

Masters of the High Renaissance

A

Da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, Botticelli

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17
Q

Leonardo da Vinci’s works

A

Mona Lisa, Vitruvian Man, Last Supper, Virgin of the Rocks, Equestrian Statue

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18
Q

Raphael’s works

A

School of Athens, The Betrothal of the Virgin, The Madonna Series, Liberation of St. Peter

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19
Q

Michelangelo’s works

A

Sistine Chapel ceiling, David, The Pieta, The Last Judgement

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20
Q

Treaty of Lodi

A

Treaty that joined Milan, Naples, and Florence against Venice and the Papal States, but also stated that if a foreign enemy were to attack, all five could present a united front

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21
Q

Ludovico il Moro

A

Invited the French to come in through his land (Milan) to conquer Naples and follow through with their dynastic claim

22
Q

The First French Invasion

A

In 1490, Ludovico il Moro became Milan’s despot from the Sforza family. In 1494, Naples threatened Milan and was backed by Florence and Alexander VI. In response, Ludovico invited Charles VII of France to invade Naples.

Arriving in Florence, Piero de Medici didn’t want to get destroyed so he just handed Charles VII a bunch of land, like Pisa. Then Girolamo Savonarola rallied people to exile Piero and tried to run Florence as a theocracy.

Getting nervous, Ferdinand of Aragon created the League of Venice. With the combined powers of the HRE, Papal States, Venice, and Milan, France was forced to retreat in 1495.

Years: 1490-1495

23
Q

The Second French Invasion

A

Pope Alexander VI is a crooked pope, very interested in Cesare’s (his son) career. So he invites the French in again to gain land without getting into a war himself.

Louis XII is France’s king and is not eager to invade. So, Alex does favors such as giving France a cardinal hat, endowing Louis’ marriage, and leaving the League of Venice.

1500: Naples is split up between France and Spain.

24
Q

The Third French Invasion

A

1511: Holy League was formed by Pope Julius II to drive out the French. He was known as “The Warrior Pope.” Establish Swiss guard to protect the papacy.
1515: French armies led by Francis I massacred Swiss soldiers, and the Concordat of Bologna was secured in 1516 by French.

25
Q

Facts about Pope Julius II

A
  • Known as “The Warrior Pope”
  • First pope to don a beard since the 1200s
  • Swiss guard established to protect papacy
  • Stages bullfights in papal office
26
Q

Facts about the Concordat of Bologna

A
  1. Allowed French king control over French clergy (Gallican Liberties)
27
Q

Characteristics of Machiavelli

A
  • Nationalist: wanted to unite Italy
  • Humanist: Loved Roman political history
  • Republican: Believed that an elected body of edu. officials would be best for Italy. Not a democracy, because most of the layity was uneducated.
  • Wrote “The Prince”
28
Q

The Prince

A
  1. Written by Machiavelli. Dedicated to Lorenzo the Magnificent’s grandson, and hoped that the dedication would lead to Medici rising and leading a republic.

It’s okay for kings to do whatever as long as subjects fear their leader for kings to maintain power. “It’s better to be feared than loved.” “The ends justify the means.”

29
Q

Factors which led to the transition from Feudal to National Monarchies

A

Black Death, Hundred Years’ War, The Great Schism, relationship between king and town

30
Q

Groups affected by taxation by the 15th and 16th century monarchs

A

Lower class/Peasantry. Nobles and clergy were excluded from taxation.

31
Q

The War of Roses (Date, Players, Outcomes)

A

1455-1485.
York and Lancaster families. York: Edward IV, Edward V, Richard III. Lancaster: Henry V, Henry VI, Henry VII
Results in Tudor reign.

32
Q

Role/impact of the Valois dynasty on the French monarchy

A

Philip VI “the Fortunate,” Charles VII “The Dauphin/the Victorious.” Louis XI “Cunning or Universal Spider”

33
Q

Significant action and achievements of King Louis XI

A

Dissolution of Burgundy and started a national postal service

34
Q

Circumstances surrounding the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon

A

Portugal and France were opposed to the marriage, saw it as a threat.

35
Q

Accomplishments of Ferdinand and Isabella

A

Securing borders, exploration, conquering foreign territory, subduing disloyal factions

36
Q

Regions of conflict between the “One” vs. the “Many”

A

One: France, England, Spain.
Many: HRE

37
Q

Representative Assemblies of major European countries

A
  • England: Parliament. Has two assemblies: House of Lords, House of Commons.
  • Spain: The Cortez.
  • France: The Estates General.
  • HRE: The Reichstag.
38
Q

Characteristics of Northern Humanists

A

Came from all walks of life/varied background, common people were the main audience, more focused on religious reform.

39
Q

Erasmus and his impact

A

1466-1536. Prince of Humanists. Devout Catholic, wanted church to change. Wrote adages. Greatest achievement was the Greek and Latin Editions of the New Testament.

40
Q

Premiere Humanists

A 
England: Thomas Moore. 
France: Jacques and Burde
Germany: Rudolf Agricola, Conrad Keltis and Ulrich von Hutten, and Johann Reuchlin. 
Spain: Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros. 
Netherlands: Erasmus
41
Q

Facts about the Printing Press

A
  • Johann von Guttenburg developed it
  • Increased the literacy of the layity (peasantry)
  • Printer’s Guild had great econ success.
  • Humanists could now spread their ideas over borders
  • Used for propaganda
42
Q

Portugal’s role in the slave trade to Europe

A

The Portuguese delivered 150,000 slaves to Europe in the second half of the 15th century

43
Q

Famous European discoverers and roles in voyages

A 
Prince Henry “The Navigator" --
Amerigo Vespucci -- 
Bartholomew Dias --
Bosco de Gama – made a trade route for spices around the Cape of Good Hope to India 
Ferdinand Magellan --
44
Q

What land did the Aztec rule during the Spanish Conquest?

A

Central America

45
Q

Bartolome de Las Casas

A

He was critical of how the conquistadors treated the native population. He believed that “conquest was not necessary for conversion.”

46
Q

The role played by Pizzaro in the conquest of the New World

A

Conquered the Incas, ruled South America

47
Q

The role played by Cortez in the conquest of the New World

A

Conquered the Aztecs, Central America

48
Q

A formal grant to the right to the labor of a specific number of Indians

A

Encomienda

49
Q

Device requiring adult male Indians to devote a certain number of days of labor annyally to Spanish economic enterprises

A

Repartimiento. Harsh labor, some didn’t survive, limitation on labor time led some Spanish managers to abuse their workers.

50
Q

3 major components of colonial economy of Latin America

A

Shipping, Mining, Agriculture

51
Q

Consequences of European Exploration of the New World

A

Spain’s economic growth and political power goes up, plants and animals are introduced to both the New World and Europe (tobacco, corn, potatoes introduced to Europe), disease

AP European History (17 decks)

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