Chapter 11: The Age of Reformation

Question 1

Birthplace of Reformation

Answer 1

Free imperial cities of Germany and Switzerland

Question 2

Groups that were proponents or allies of reforming the Catholic Church in the 16th c.

Answer 2

Martin Luther, Printers Guilds, Humanists, Laity, Peasants and Townseople

Question 3

Contributing factors to lay criticism of the church

Answer 3

Increased knowledge (especially due to the national postal system) and increased use of vernacular

Question 4

Common goal of 13th-15th century lay religious movements

Answer 4

Imitation of Christ, go back to the basic life modeled after Christ

Question 5

Ideology of the Brothers of the Common Life

Answer 5

Based on the New Testament model of Jesus, a lay religious life of prayer and study without surrendering the world, retained old clerical doctrines and values but placed them within the new framework of an active common life, met a need for more personal piety and a more informed religious life

Question 6

Imitation of Christ (literature)

Answer 6

Written by Thomas a Kempis in 1418-1427, summarized the philosophy of the Modern Devotion/Brothers of the Common Life

Question 7

Martin Luther

Answer 7

1483-1546, father was a miner, educated in Mansfeld, Magdeburg (where the Brothers of the Common Life had been his teachers), claimed that during a lightning storm he promised Saint Anne (patron saint of travelers in distress) that he would enter a monastery if he escaped death.

Question 8

Salvation according to the Medieval church

Answer 8

Works + Grace = Salvation, was a joint venture between God and man that started with man

Question 9

Facts about the doctrine, practice and selling of Indulgences

Answer 9

1) When you bought an indulgence, it changed the status of the sin from an eternal penalty to a temporal penalty that could be relieved through works of satisfaction.
2) Johann Tetzel was a seller of indulgences with the words, “As the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.”
3) Leo X (r. 1513-1521) presented the Jubilee Indulgence to pay for St. Peter’s Basilica which had been issues previously by Pope Julius II.
4) In 1343, Pope Clement VI (r. 1342-1352) claimed that an infinite reservoir of good works in the church’s possession that could be dispensed at the pope’s discretion was in existence called “treasury of merit.”

Question 10

95 Theses

Answer 10

Written by Martin Luther in Latin, posted on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517 with the message that salvation could not be bought or sold. These ideas were circulated by Humanists and sparked the Reform.

Question 11

Literary Works of Martin Luther

Answer 11

Address to the Christian Nobility of a German Nation, Babylonian Captvity, Against the Murderous Thieving Hordes of Peasants, Freedom of a Christian

Question 12

Diet of Worms

Answer 12

What happened: April 15, 1521, Luther presented his views over which Charles V presided, was ordered to recant, refused to saying it was against Scripture, reason, and conscious.

Effects: On May 26, 1521, he was placed under the imperial ban, was hidden away from April 1521 to March 1522 where he translated the New Testament into German.

Question 13

Martin Luther’s views on how Salvation was achieved

Answer 13

Faith + Works + Grace = Salvation

Question 14

Peace of Augsburg

Answer 14

1555, established regional sovereignty over religious matters, granted legal recognition to the first Protestant faith (Lutheranism, not Calvinism)

Question 15

Diet of Augsburg

Answer 15

Ordered by Charles V in 1530 asking the princes of the HRE to go back to the Catholic Church. In response, princes drew up the Augsburg Confession.

Question 16

Schmalkaldic League

Answer 16

Protestant defensive alliance formed directly after the Diet of Augsburg in 1531, crushed by armies of Charles V in 1547

Question 17

Leader of the Reformation in Zurich

Answer 17

Ulrich Zwingli

Question 18

Point of contention between Luther and Zwingli

Answer 18

Luther believed in transubstantiation (the literal presence of Christ in the Eucharist), whereas Zwingli did not.

Question 19

Anabaptists

Answer 19

Tried to get rid of infant baptism

Question 20

John Calvin (who, what, why)

Answer 20

Frenchman who left France due to Huguenots weren’t granted religious toleration and goes to Switzerland. He wrote “The Institutes of a Christian Religion” which acted as the base doctrinal work that other Protestants would take their teachings from. He believed in predestination, the idea that there were already ordained people that were determined to be saved, and if you were saved, you would naturally be a good person.

Question 21

Theocracy

Answer 21

Government run by religious leaders

Question 22

Lutheranism in Denmark

Answer 22

Introduced by King Christian II, ruler of Denmark

Question 23

Religious significance of Magdeburg during 16th century

Answer 23

Refuge for Protestantism, center of Lutheran resistance

Question 24

Henry VIII

Answer 24

Of the Tudor Dynasty, Wrote the Defense of the Seven Sacraments and earned the title of “Defender of the Faith,” most trusted advisor was Thomas Wolsey, established the church of England for the Great Matter (pursuing Anne Boleyn and getting annulled from Catherine of Aragon), had 6 wives

Question 25

The King’s “Great Matter”

Answer 25

Pursuing Anne Boleyn and getting annulled from Catherine of Aragon

Question 26

Reformation Parliament, measures and legislations

Answer 26

1529-1536, responsible for placing royal authority over religious matters in England thereafter, responsible for taking Catholic church property (dissolution of the monasteries)

Question 27

Act of Succession

Answer 27

Illegitimized Catherine of Aragon’s kids and legitimized Anne Boleyn’s

Question 28

Act of Uniformity

Answer 28

Made the Book of Common Prayer available in all Episcopal churches, written by Thomas Cranmer (1535)

Question 29

Act of Supremacy

Answer 29

Declared Henry VIII the supreme head of the Church of England

Question 30

Wives of Henry VIII

Answer 30

Catherine of Aragon (Mary), Anne Boleyn (Elizabeth), Jane Seymour (Edward), Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard and Catherine Parr

Question 31

Tudor Monarchs

Answer 31

Henry II, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, Elizabeth I

Question 32

Six Articles

Answer 32

Put into action by King Henry VIII in 1539, very anti-Protestant and was called “Whip with Six Stings” by Protestants

Question 33

Ignatius of Loyola

Answer 33

Catholic counter-reformer, founder of the Jesuits, observed how the new learning that stemmed from the Reformation had been embraced and served to the Protestant cause, wrote the Six Exercises

Question 34

Six Exercises

Answer 34

Written by Ignatius of Loyola, Contained mental and emotional exercises designed to teach one absolute spiritual self-mastery over one’s feelings, taught that a person could shape his or her own behavior through disciplined study and regular practice, Insisted that when the Bible and the Church Fathers were read directly, they should be read under the guidance of the authoritative Scholastic theologians: Peter Lombard, Bonaventure, and Thomas Aquinas.

Question 35

Council of Trent

Answer 35

About: 1545-1563, Strictly under the pope’s control with high Italian prelates prominent in the proceedings,

What It Did (Physical): Most important reforms concerned internal church discipline. Steps taken to curtail the selling of church offices and other religious goods, bishops who resided in Rome were forced to move into their dioceses, strengthened the authority of local bishops, bishops subjected to new rules requiring them to be highly visible by preaching regularly and visiting their parishes annually, had to dress neatly, be better educated, strictly celibate, and active among their parishioners. Seminary for training.

What It Did (Spiritual): Did not concede a single doctrine, reaffirmed scholastic education of clergy, role of good works in salvation, the authority of tradition, the seven sacraments, transubstantiation, withholding of the Eucharistic cup from the laity, clerical celibacy, purgatory, the veneration of saints, and indulgences.

Question 36

The Church Calendar’s Role on Daily Life

Answer 36

15th Century: Regulated daily life. About 1/3 of the year was given over to some kind of religious observance or celebration. Frequent periods of fasting. Almost a hundred days out of the year, a pious Christian could not eat eggs, butter, animal fat, or meat.

16th Century: Laity observed no obligatory feasts.

Question 37

Protestant views on marriage

Answer 37

More likely to consent divorce

Question 38

Miguel de Cervantes

Answer 38

Life: 1547-1616

• Self-taught, informally educated
• Worked in Rome as an assistant to a Spanish cardinal, decorated soldier of Spanish navy, slave for 5 years in Africa after ship was taken over by Turkish pirates in 1575
• Made mistakes as accountant and landed in prison where he began writing Don Quixote

Question 39

Don Quixote

Answer 39

1605 and 1615. Considered to be the first modern novel and the most influential work of literature to come out of Spain’s golden age. Satire of feudalism vs idealism: comical on the surface yet discussed details of philosophy and theology.

Question 40

William Shakespeare

Answer 40

Life: 1564-1616

Lived in the Elizabethan era, was the chief writer of The King’s Men (a renowned acting company).

Question 41

Literary Works of William Shakespeare

Answer 41

1597: Romeo and Juliet
1603: Hamlet
1604: Othelo
1605: King Lear
1606: Macbeth

Question 42

Martin Luther’s “Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation”

Answer 42

1520. Urges German princes to seek reform.

Question 43

Martin Luther’s “Babylonian Captivity”

Answer 43

1520. Attacked traditional 7 Sacraments of Church, finding only 2 supported by the Bible (Eucharist and Baptism)

Question 44

Martin Luther’s “Freedom of a Christian”

Answer 44

1520. Salvation by faith alone, free to believe in God, not tied to the works of Salvation.

Question 45

Martin Luther’s “Against the Murderous and Thieving Hordes of Peasants”

Answer 45

1525. Stated that the peasants had violated oaths, which made them subject to secular punishment; they had committed crimes that went against their faith; and by using Christ’s name to commit their crimes, it was blasphemy.