Chapter 21: Economic Advance and Social Unrest

Question 1

Where the Industrial Revolution encouraged Britain to invest in the early 19th century

Answer 1

United States and Latin America

Question 2

Population growth in Britain, France, and Germany by mid 19th century

Answer 2

Britain: 16 million to 21 million
France: 32 million to 36 million
Germany: 26 to 31 million

Question 3

Impact on cities due to 19th century urbanization

Answer 3

Pressure on physical resources, population growth made existing housing, water, sewers, food supply and lighting inadequate. Filth and disease (especially cholera) reigns. Crime increases.

Question 4

Causes and effects of the Irish Famine of 1845-1849

Answer 4

Poor harvests. About half a million who didn’t own land or small plots starved. Hundreds of thousands emigrated. Resulted in an increased urban population, as the countryside provided factories with new workers.

Question 5

Results of railway improvements on consumer economy

Answer 5

Favored capital goods to consumer goods. Shortage of consumer goods at cheap prices. Working class was often unable to buy much for its wages.

Question 6

Limits of workers in the new labor marketplace

Answer 6

Workers had no say, seen as commodities

Question 7

Proletarianization

Answer 7

The practice of an individual’s labor becoming a commodity of the labor marketplace

Question 8

Chartist reform movement/measures

Answer 8

1838: The London Working Men’s Association issues the Charter, demanding…
1) Universal male suffrage
2) Annual House of Commons Elections
3) Secret ballots
4) Equal electoral districts
5) Abolition of property qualifications
6) Payment of salaries for members of the House of Commons

Question 9

British Charterism

Answer 9

First large-scale European working class political movement. Had specific goals and large working class leadership. Failed as a national movement.

Question 10

Purpose behind construction of the Crystal Palace

Answer 10

The Great Exhibition was held there to show how industries/products were compatible with culture

Question 11

Relationship between husbands and wives in early factories

Answer 11

Wife could be an assistant to her husband. Women often did less skilled work than they had in their homes.

Question 12

English Factory Act of 1833

Answer 12

Forbade the employment of children under age 9, limited work hours to 9 per day for children ages 9-13, and required the factory owner to pay for 2 hours of education for these children

Question 13

Work hours after 1847

Answer 13

10 hour work days

Question 14

Requirements of new jobs for women in textile factories

Answer 14

Demanded fewer skills than in home production of textiles. Required fewer skills than most work men did.

Question 15

Women and employment in France

Answer 15

Worked on land

Question 16

First organized police force

Answer 16

Paris, 1828

Question 17

Trends of criminal activity in Europe

Answer 17

Slowly escalated until 1860 until it plateaued

Question 18

Reason British criminals sent to Australia

Answer 18

British would sentence people convicted of the most serious offenses to Transportation, so these criminals could be sent off and they would never have to be dealt with again. This was seen as an alternative to capital punishment.

Question 19

The Auburn System and Philadelphia System

Answer 19

Auburn: Prisoners were separated at night, but could associate while working during the day
Philadelphia System: Prisoners are separated at all times. Chief characteristics included individual cells and long periods of separation and silence. The best example of this method was the Pentagon Prison. This method often drove prisoners to insanity.

Question 20

Classical Economists and their theories

Answer 20

-Adam Smith: Wrote Wealth of Nations (1776), advocated for laissez-faire economics/free enterprise with minimal government regulation
-Thomas Malthus: Wrote Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) which stated that the population outstripped the amount of food supply and encouraged family planning, late marriage, chastity, contraception, and low wages.
-David Ricardo: Wrote Principles of Political Economy (1817) and came up with the “Iron Law of Wages” which stated:
High wages → Population goes up and creates a larger work force → Low wages → Population goes down and creates a smaller work force → High wages

Question 21

Thomas Malthus, Essay on the Principle of Population and his views

Answer 21

1798. The human population grows geometrically while the food supply grows arithmetically, therefore the population will eventually outstrip the food supply. Methods to avert the disaster included family planning, late marriage, chastity, contraception, and low wages.

Question 22

David Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy

Answer 22

1817. “Iron Law of Wages.” High wages → Population goes up and creates a larger work force → Low wages → Population goes down and creates a smaller work force → High wages

Question 23

Jeremy Bentham, and Utilitarianism

Answer 23

Utilitarianism: The greatest good for the greatest amount of people. (Think of Frozone: Wanting to save the public is the “greater good” > Dinner with his wife who is the greatest good he is ever gonna get.)

Wrote Fragment on Government (1776) and The Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789), explaining that utilitarianism is better than special interests (a political or economic stake in something).

Question 24

Utopian Socialist Movements

Answer 24

1) Saint-Simonianism
- Led by Claude Henri de Saint-Simon
- Believed in technocracy. Society’s wealth, property and enterprise were to be managed by experts to achieve social harmony and alleviate poverty and social dislocation.
- Advocated for extramarital sex

2) Owenism
- Led by Robert Owen
- Believed there was no incompatibility between creating a humane industrial environment and making a good profit. Provided workers with good working conditions
- Experiments: New Lanark (success), New Harmony in Indiana (failed), Grand National Union (failed)

3) Fourierism
- Led by Charles Fourier
- Advocated phalanxes: no repetitive work, so workers wouldn’t get bored. Advocated agrarian work moving from one task to another, relatively free sexual activity, and later life marriages to prevent boredom.

Question 25

Count Claude Henri de Saint Simon

Answer 25

Earliest of the Socialist pioneers. Liberal French aristocrat. Fought in the American Revolution, welcomed the French Revolution, made and lost fortune during the Napoleonic Age. Advocated technocracy, where experts manage society’s wealth.

Question 26

Anarchists (description and examples)

Answer 26

Rejected government, industry, and capitalism

• August Blanqui: Advocated for professional revolutionaries
• Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: Wrote “What is Property” which attacked the banking system for refusing to give loans to the poor, went so far as to say that “anarchy is order,” and advocated mutualism where there would be co-operations between small and large businesses and no need for government

Question 27

Karl Marx and the Communist Manifesto

Answer 27

1848. Co-written by Friedrich Engels. Implied outright abolition of private property rather than Socialist thought of merely rearranging society.

Question 28

Sources of inspiration for the Communist Manifesto

Answer 28

German Hegelianism, French Utopian Socialism and British classical economics

Question 29

Regions of Revolutions in 1848

Answer 29

Political liberals, working class (proletariats), nationalists

Question 30

Results of 1848-49 revolutions

Answer 30

All revolutions failed because of lack of unity and strong conservative governments

Question 31

Louis Phillippe and his confrontations with the public

Answer 31

He was corrupt, along with his prime minister, Guizot. Overthrown in 1848.

Question 32

Origin of 1848 Revolutions

Answer 32

France

Question 33

Facts about French Revolution of 1848

Answer 33

Louis Phillippe overthrown → Second French Republic → Louis Bonaparte becomes president

Question 34

Feminist movements in revolutionary Europe

Answer 34

Vesuvians (radical) wanted equality with men. Voix de Femme wanted domestic importance of the maternal role, voting rights, domestic security

Question 35

Regions of Revolution in Habsburg Empire in 1848

Answer 35

Hungary, Bohemia, Northern Italy, and Vienna

Question 36

Actions of the Hungarians during the Magyar Revolt

Answer 36

Tried to annex Transylvania and Croatia

Question 37

Split between German working class and German liberals

Answer 37

Not unified bc working class wanted job security while liberals wanted a united Germanic state

Question 38

Facts about Italian Revolution of 1848

Answer 38

Piedmont was the leader. Wanted unification. Declared the Roman Republic of 1849. Didn’t last long because French invasion.

Question 39

Facts about German Revolution of 1849

Answer 39

Frederik William IV dissolved the German Constituent Assembly because it was too radical. He refused the German crown. → Fizzles out Frankfurt Parliament. The ultimate goal was to unify Germany. Grossdeutsch wanted a united German state including Austria, Kleindeutsch wanted a united German state without Austria.