Chapter 19

Question 1

Facts about Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 1

From Corsica which had been conquered by France in 1768. Became an artillary expert. Became known in 1793 from claiming Toulon from the British. The Convention used him to disperse royalists.

Question 2

Results of the Coup of 18 Brumaire

Answer 2

August 10, 1798. Bonaparte can overthrow the Directory

Question 3

Treaty of Campo Formio

Answer 3

Required a redistribution of territories along the Rhine River. Resulted in a reduction of Austrian influence and the emergence of German states in the West dependent on Napoteon

Question 4

The Battle at Abukir

Answer 4

August 1798. Napoleon chose to attack British interests through the Mediterranean by capturing Egypt from the Ottomans, cut off British communications with India and damage trade. Horatio Nelson defeats Napoleon.

Question 5

Ways in which Napoleon attempted to suppress foreign and domestic opposition

Answer 5

1) Foreign: Tried to make peace with other countries through Treaty of Luneville in 1801 (which kicked Austria out of the coalition against France) and the Treaty of Amiens (peace, or rather a truce, with Britain)
2) Domestic: General Amnesty (which pardoned anyone responsible for the Terror) then employed individuals of all political factions. Assigned prefects, loyal officers in departments. Organized secret police to stamp out royalist movements. Arrested and executed the Duke on Enghien (a Bourbon).
3) Peace with the Church: Concordat of 1801: Required all clergy to resign, new clergy were now paid by the state and Catholicism was restored.

Question 6

The Concordat of 1801, facts, its purpose and results

Answer 6

Compromise between the state and the church. Required all clergy to be dismissed and all new clergy were paid by the government. Catholicism restored.

Question 7

Facts about the Napoleonic Code

Answer 7

AKA Civil Code of 1804. Unified and standardized all French law, abolished feudal privilege, protected property rights, reaffirmed privilege by merit, forbade trade unions, upheld male supremacy, abolished primogenitare (the idea that the first son of a family inherits everything)m abolished serfdom and established state controlled churches and religious toleration

Question 8

Facts regarding Napoleon becoming the Emperor of France

Answer 8

1804: Seized a bomb attack on his life to become emperor. Argued that establishing a dynasty would make the new regime secure and make any plots to kill him useless. New constitution declares him Emperor. Crown himself instead of the Pope.

Question 9

The Battle of Trafalgar

Answer 9

October 1805. Nelson’s last greatest triumph – Great Britain wins on the sea against the Franco-Spanish forces.

Question 10

Prime Minister of Britain during the French Revolution

Answer 10

William Pitt the Younger

Question 11

Peace of Amiens

Answer 11

1802. Between France and Great Britain. Result of French armies being sent to Haiti to suppress a rebellion while Britain saw it as a launching ground to invade and establish an empire in the Americas.

Question 12

Napoleon’s victories in Central Europe

Answer 12

Battle of Ulm, 1805, Austria. Battle of Austerlitz, 1805, Austria and Russia. Battle of Jena, 1806, Prussia.

Question 13

The Confederation of the Rhine and its significance

Answer 13

Napoleon formed this in 1807 from a league of about 20 German princes. Each was sovereign and the confederation included the kingdoms of Saxony, Bavaria, Wurtemburg and Westphalia. Westphalia was made up of Hanover and bits of Prussia. Napoleon put his youngest brother, Jerome, on the throne. Replaced HRE.

Question 14

Treaty of Tillsit

Answer 14

July 7, 1807. Peace between Russia and France in the middle of the Niemen River. Made Prussia the biggest loser of the war against Napoleon and took away half of its territory. Prussia is forced to become a public ally. Russia becomes a secret ally. Aftermath of the Battle of Friedland against Tsar Alexander I.

Question 15

Facts about the Continental System

Answer 15

1806-1810. AKA the Milan Decree. Economic embargo between Britain the major European nations (excluding Portugal). Ended up hurting the French allies economically more than it did Britain. Created resentment towards France.

Question 16

The 100 Days

Answer 16

Napoleon’s return to France during March 1 - June 18, 1815. Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of Waterloo against the Quadruple Alliance. Exiled to St. Helena.

Question 17

Napoleon’s Wives

Answer 17

Josephine de Beauharnais (bore no children) and Marie Louis (daughter of Francis I)

Question 18

Prussia’s response to Napoleon’s Empire

Answer 18

Reforms

1) Administrative - constitutional monarchy
2) Social - abolished serfdom (sort of… serfs that remained on the land were still subject to their lord’s orders, but leaving the estate meant conditions could be worse than just staying)
3) Military - Grew an impressive army. Although Napoleon had a limit as to how many soldier could be active at once, Prussia found a loophole. They would train one set, then put them away, while training another set, and another. Although there were only so many “active” at a time, there were a large amount of people with training.

Question 19

Facts about Napoleon’s Peninsular Campaign

Answer 19

1807-1809. Put French armies into Spain to prevent smuggling of British goods. Napoleon gives Spanish crown to his brother. Spaniards see this as an blatant overthrow of their country. Sir Arthur Wellesley leads guerilla warfare against Napoleon and drains France’s resources.

Question 20

The Battle of Nations

Answer 20

October 1813. Coalition victory (Britain, Prussia, Russia, Austria and Spain)! Napoleon is forced to abdicate and sent to exile on Elba where he is given sovereignty.

Question 21

Facts about the Congress of Vienna

Answer 21

1814-1815.
Quadruple Alliance met (Russia, Prussia, Austria, Britain).
#1 Goal: Prevent France from dominating the continent.
- a) Bourbon restoration (accomplished through Treaty of Chaumont)
- b) Fair territorial adjustments (also accomplished through Treaty of Chaumont)
- c) Created buffer states around France

Question 22

The Battle of Waterloo

Answer 22

1815. Napoleon against the Quadruple Alliance. Napoleon loses and is exiled to St. Helena.

Question 23

Results of the Treaty of Chaumont

Answer 23

March 9, 1814. Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh brought about signing this treaty. Allowed for the restoration of the Bourbons and the contraction of France to its frontiers of 1792.

Question 24

Central characteristics and facts of the Romantic Movement

Answer 24

The late 18th century reaction thought to be of the Enlightenment, in response to the Revolution and age of Napoleon. Sought to revive Christianity, restore aspects of the Middle Ages, supplement reason with imagination and emphasized feelings/emotion

Question 25

Art, literature, and architecture of the Romantics

Answer 25

Ignored classical rules and replaced with imagination. Inspired by the Middle Ages and Medieval Age.

Question 26

Contribution of Rousseau on the Romantic Movement, especially literature

Answer 26

Critical of the Enlightenment. Believed the process of civilization and the notion that mankind needs to be civilized along rational lines was the root cause of social corruption.

Wrote Emile (1762)

1. One could lead a happy and healthy life uncorrupted by society outside of civilization. Happiness shouldn’t be dictated by artificial ideals of enlightened society.
2. Parents should provide basic necessities and protect children from harm. Children should learn through trial and error.
3. Separate spheres for men and women

Question 27

Immanuel Kant contributions to Romanticism

Answer 27

Critique of Pure Reason (1781) and Critique of Practical Reason (1788). Both explained that we could accept the Enlightenment’s rationalism while allowing belief in God and immortality. Believed human understanding was a produce of “phenomenal” and “noumenal” worlds and that understand of both could help one better understand things.

*Phenomenal experiences are forged from sensory experiences from the environment, while noumenal is the mind’s own rational activity and perceptions.

Also believed in a categorical imperative: essentially a conscious that functioned on a utilitarian framework (whichever option benefit the greatest amount of people). This justified belief in God, eternal life, reward and punishment.

Question 28

English Romantic writers

Answer 28

Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Lord Byron

Question 29

Coleridge’s beliefs and works

Answer 29

Master of supernatural poetry. Believed that imagination was God doing His work in the mind.

Wrote the Rime of the Ancient Mariner in 1789, the story of a mariner who is cursed due to his killing of an albatross. Themes of guilt, punishment and salvation are exhibited in this work.

Wrote Lyrical Ballads (1798) along with Wordsworth, which broke the traditional rules of poetry.

Question 30

Wordsworth’s beliefs and works

Answer 30

Worshipped nature and believed in pre-existence, and that children fresh from that pre-existence were less worldly. The older you get, the more corrupt you are by the materials of the world.

Ode on Imitations of Immortality (1804) which focused on his fear that his imagination had forsaken him. His own maturation had caused him to lose his childlike imagination.

Wrote Lyrical Ballads (1798) along with Coleridge, which broke the traditional rule of poetry.

Question 31

Lord Byron’s beliefs and works

Answer 31

Tried to steer clear of the glorification of imagination. Was the embodiment of liberalism.

Wrote Childe Harolde’s Pilgrimage (two parts, 1812 and 1818). A child has the opportunity to become a knight. Has become disillusioned by his life of leisure and wealth, tries to create purpose in his life by traveling. This sought to illustrate the European’s disillusion following the 18th century revolutionary period and the Napoleonic wars.

Wrote Don Juan (1819). This was his masterpiece. Satirically reverses the portrayal of Don Juan from a womanizer to someone easily seduced.

Question 32

German Romantic writers

Answer 32

Tieck, Schlegel, and Goethe

Question 33

Tieck’s work and its significance

Answer 33

William Lovell (1793). William lives a whimsical, happy life while his counterparts live on reason and are unhappy. Lesson: Those who live on reason alone are prone to disbelief, skepticism, doubt and unhappiness. At the end, Lovell is seduced by two women who destroy his life with instruments of reason or artificial/materialistic things.

Question 34

Schlegel’s work and its significance

Answer 34

Lucinde (1799). Attacked Rousseau’s view on women. Exposed prejudiced according to women such as only be appreciated/portrayed in the kitchen or in bed. Stated that women were equal to men on many levels. Shows ability for Romantics to address social standards.

Question 35

Goethe’s works

Answer 35

The Sorrows of the Young Werther (1774).
Emphasis on feelings and emotions as the main character falls in love with Lotti, an already married woman, and is left in despair as they go their separate ways.

Faust (1808, 1832)
Faust makes a deal with the devil in return for superior knowledge. Consequences follow. Dedicated the last of his life to the betterment of mankind. Angels carry him to Heaven.

Question 36

Constable’s artwork

Answer 36

Salisbury Cathedral in the Meadows (1831) and The Hay Wain (1821)

Question 37

William Turner’s artwork

Answer 37

Rain, Steam, and Speed (1844); The Fighting Temeraire (1839)

Question 38

Caspar David Friedrich’s artwork

Answer 38

The Polar Sea (1824), Wanderer above the Sea and Fog (1818), and Man and Woman Contemplating the Moon (1833)

Question 39

Romantic/Neo-Gothic architecture characteristics and notable monuments and buildings

Answer 39

Revival of the architecture of the Middle Ages

• British Houses of Parliament (1836-1837)
• Neuschwanstein Castle (1869-1886)

Question 40

Facts regarding Methodism

Answer 40

Originated in the middle of the 18th century as a revolt against deism and rational in the Church of England. Led by John Wesley. Emphasized the role of enthusiastic and emotional experience as part of the Christian Conversion.

Question 41

The Genius of Christianity

Answer 41

Written by Viscount François René de Chateaubriand. Known as the “Bible of Romanticism.” Argued that the essence of religion is passion. The foundation of faith in the church is the emotion that its teachings and sacraments inspired in the heart of the Christian.

Question 42

Johann Herder’s contributions of Romanticism and German culture

Answer 42

Wrote “On the Knowing and Feelings of the Human Soul” - Rejected the Enlightenment’s mechanical explanation of nature and saw human beings and societies developing organically. Humans were different at different times and places. Preserved German folk culture by urging collection and preservation of German songs and sayings. Opposed of “common languages” and “universal institutions” as he saw them as a form of tyranny over individuality.

Question 43

Hegel, his views on the conflict of ideas, and his contributions to the study of History

Answer 43

Believed ideas develop in an evolutionary fashion: A dominant set of ideas called a thesis is challenged by opposing ideas called an anti-thesis. These ideas clash to form a synthesis, a new thesis.

Conclusions:

• All periods of history are of equal importance. Each was necessary for the later achievements/events.
• All cultures are important, as they all contribute to clash of values and ideas for humankind to develop. This is discussed in The Phenomenology of the Mind (1806) and Lectures on the Philosophy of History (1822-1831)

Question 44

White Terror and “bands of Jesus”

Answer 44

Mass execution of Jacobins and anyone who carried out the Reign of Terror.