Chapter 19 Flashcards
Facts about Napoleon Bonaparte
From Corsica which had been conquered by France in 1768. Became an artillary expert. Became known in 1793 from claiming Toulon from the British. The Convention used him to disperse royalists.
Results of the Coup of 18 Brumaire
August 10, 1798. Bonaparte can overthrow the Directory
Treaty of Campo Formio
Required a redistribution of territories along the Rhine River. Resulted in a reduction of Austrian influence and the emergence of German states in the West dependent on Napoteon
The Battle at Abukir
August 1798. Napoleon chose to attack British interests through the Mediterranean by capturing Egypt from the Ottomans, cut off British communications with India and damage trade. Horatio Nelson defeats Napoleon.
Ways in which Napoleon attempted to suppress foreign and domestic opposition
1) Foreign: Tried to make peace with other countries through Treaty of Luneville in 1801 (which kicked Austria out of the coalition against France) and the Treaty of Amiens (peace, or rather a truce, with Britain)
2) Domestic: General Amnesty (which pardoned anyone responsible for the Terror) then employed individuals of all political factions. Assigned prefects, loyal officers in departments. Organized secret police to stamp out royalist movements. Arrested and executed the Duke on Enghien (a Bourbon).
3) Peace with the Church: Concordat of 1801: Required all clergy to resign, new clergy were now paid by the state and Catholicism was restored.
The Concordat of 1801, facts, its purpose and results
Compromise between the state and the church. Required all clergy to be dismissed and all new clergy were paid by the government. Catholicism restored.
Facts about the Napoleonic Code
AKA Civil Code of 1804. Unified and standardized all French law, abolished feudal privilege, protected property rights, reaffirmed privilege by merit, forbade trade unions, upheld male supremacy, abolished primogenitare (the idea that the first son of a family inherits everything)m abolished serfdom and established state controlled churches and religious toleration
Facts regarding Napoleon becoming the Emperor of France
1804: Seized a bomb attack on his life to become emperor. Argued that establishing a dynasty would make the new regime secure and make any plots to kill him useless. New constitution declares him Emperor. Crown himself instead of the Pope.
The Battle of Trafalgar
October 1805. Nelson’s last greatest triumph – Great Britain wins on the sea against the Franco-Spanish forces.
Prime Minister of Britain during the French Revolution
William Pitt the Younger
Peace of Amiens
- Between France and Great Britain. Result of French armies being sent to Haiti to suppress a rebellion while Britain saw it as a launching ground to invade and establish an empire in the Americas.
Napoleon’s victories in Central Europe
Battle of Ulm, 1805, Austria. Battle of Austerlitz, 1805, Austria and Russia. Battle of Jena, 1806, Prussia.
The Confederation of the Rhine and its significance
Napoleon formed this in 1807 from a league of about 20 German princes. Each was sovereign and the confederation included the kingdoms of Saxony, Bavaria, Wurtemburg and Westphalia. Westphalia was made up of Hanover and bits of Prussia. Napoleon put his youngest brother, Jerome, on the throne. Replaced HRE.
Treaty of Tillsit
July 7, 1807. Peace between Russia and France in the middle of the Niemen River. Made Prussia the biggest loser of the war against Napoleon and took away half of its territory. Prussia is forced to become a public ally. Russia becomes a secret ally. Aftermath of the Battle of Friedland against Tsar Alexander I.
Facts about the Continental System
1806-1810. AKA the Milan Decree. Economic embargo between Britain the major European nations (excluding Portugal). Ended up hurting the French allies economically more than it did Britain. Created resentment towards France.
The 100 Days
Napoleon’s return to France during March 1 - June 18, 1815. Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of Waterloo against the Quadruple Alliance. Exiled to St. Helena.
Napoleon’s Wives
Josephine de Beauharnais (bore no children) and Marie Louis (daughter of Francis I)
Prussia’s response to Napoleon’s Empire
Reforms
1) Administrative - constitutional monarchy
2) Social - abolished serfdom (sort of… serfs that remained on the land were still subject to their lord’s orders, but leaving the estate meant conditions could be worse than just staying)
3) Military - Grew an impressive army. Although Napoleon had a limit as to how many soldier could be active at once, Prussia found a loophole. They would train one set, then put them away, while training another set, and another. Although there were only so many “active” at a time, there were a large amount of people with training.
Facts about Napoleon’s Peninsular Campaign
1807-1809. Put French armies into Spain to prevent smuggling of British goods. Napoleon gives Spanish crown to his brother. Spaniards see this as an blatant overthrow of their country. Sir Arthur Wellesley leads guerilla warfare against Napoleon and drains France’s resources.
The Battle of Nations
October 1813. Coalition victory (Britain, Prussia, Russia, Austria and Spain)! Napoleon is forced to abdicate and sent to exile on Elba where he is given sovereignty.
Facts about the Congress of Vienna
1814-1815.
Quadruple Alliance met (Russia, Prussia, Austria, Britain).
#1 Goal: Prevent France from dominating the continent.
- a) Bourbon restoration (accomplished through Treaty of Chaumont)
- b) Fair territorial adjustments (also accomplished through Treaty of Chaumont)
- c) Created buffer states around France
The Battle of Waterloo
- Napoleon against the Quadruple Alliance. Napoleon loses and is exiled to St. Helena.
Results of the Treaty of Chaumont
March 9, 1814. Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh brought about signing this treaty. Allowed for the restoration of the Bourbons and the contraction of France to its frontiers of 1792.
Central characteristics and facts of the Romantic Movement
The late 18th century reaction thought to be of the Enlightenment, in response to the Revolution and age of Napoleon. Sought to revive Christianity, restore aspects of the Middle Ages, supplement reason with imagination and emphasized feelings/emotion
