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Evolution > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is evolution?

A

a change in the heritable characteristics of a population over time

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2
Q

What is evolution by natural selection?

A

a change in the allele frequency in a population over time

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3
Q

What are the two parts of cell theory?

A
  1. all organisms are composed of cells

2. all cells arise from existing cells

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4
Q

What is a population?

A

a group of individuals of the same SPECIES living in the SAME AREA at the SAME TIME

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5
Q

What is a trait?

A

a distinguishing feature of an organism

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6
Q

What is natural selection?

A

the process by which individuals with certain heritable traits are better able to survive and reproduce compared to other members of the population; process by which these individuals are naturally selected

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7
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

a change in the frequency of an allele due to a random sampling

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8
Q

What is gene flow?

A

is the transfer of alleles from one population to another population through immigration of individuals.

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9
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

a type of natural selection that favors individuals who have a combination of heritable traits that are most useful in obtaining a mate

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10
Q

What is a mutation?

A

a heritable change in the genetic material of an organism

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11
Q

What is fitness?

A

ability to produce offspring relative to other individuals

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12
Q

What is adaptation? (noun)

A

heritable trait that increases fitness of a particular individual in a particular environment

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13
Q

What is adaptation? (verb)

A

an evolutionary process; alters an organism’s phenotype to enhance its ability to survive in its particular environmental niche

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14
Q

What is a gene?

A

a length of DNA that encodes for a protein

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15
Q

What is an allele?

A

a version of a gene

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16
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

a gene-carrying structure consisting of a molecule of DNA and associated with histone proteins

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17
Q

What is a genotype?

A

the genetic makeup of an individual

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18
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

the physical characteristics of an organism

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19
Q

What is a species? (3 parts)

A

an identifiable group that is distinct in

  1. appearance, behavior and habitat
  2. interbreeds
  3. evolutionarily indépendant
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20
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

DNA is transcribed into RNA and RNA is translated into proteins which make up traits

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21
Q

What is transcription?

A

the process of making an equivalent RNA copy from a DNA sequence

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22
Q

What is translation?

A

when the genetic code is decoded to produce a specific amino acid sequence that encodes for a protein

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23
Q

What is DNA synthesis?

A

natural creation of DNA molecules

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24
Q

What is mitosis?

A

when the replicated chromosomes are divided for placement into two new daughter nuclei with identical chromosomes

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25
Q

What is meiosis?

A

replication results in 4 daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes from the parent cell

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26
Q

What is the definition of a homozygous?

A

identical pairs (AA or aa)

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27
Q

What is the definition of a heterozygous?

A

one dominant and one recessive allele (Aa or aA)

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28
Q

What is gene linkage?

A

physical association of genes on a chromosome

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29
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms of genetic change?

A
  1. Natural selection
  2. Genetic Drift
  3. Gene flow
  4. Mutation
  5. Non-random mating
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30
Q

What are the 4 types of natural selection?

A
  1. balancing
  2. directionality
  3. stabilizing
  4. disruptive
31
Q

What are the 2 components of non-random mating?

A

inbreeding and sexual selection

32
Q

What does inbreeding do?

A

increase homozygosity

33
Q

What is an inbreeding depression?

A

decline in average fitness due to increase homozygosity

34
Q

How does homozygosity decrease fitness?

A

too many recessive alleles

35
Q

What alleles often have a heterozygous advantage?

A

disease fighting alleles

36
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

males are physically distinct from females

37
Q

What are 4 useful traits for males?

A

physical beauty, physical skills, parenting skills, and physical strength

38
Q

What is the bateman-trivers theory?

A

“eggs are expensive, sperm are cheap”

39
Q

What is the asymmetry of sex?

A

females invest a lot in each offspring, males dont

40
Q

What is the definition of female choice?

A

if there are equal numbers of males and females, females get to chose their mate

41
Q

What provides colorful feathers and beaks in birds?

A

carotenoids

42
Q

What is male-to-male strength based off of?

A

weaponry and physical strength

43
Q

What sex does sexual selection act more strongly on?

A

males

44
Q

What does genetic isolation lead to?

A

genetic diversion

45
Q

What happens when gene flow is not occurring?

A

two populations become isolated

46
Q

What are the 3 factors that isolation allows for independent evolution?

A
  1. natural selection
  2. genetic drift
  3. mutation
47
Q

What is speciation?

A

creation of two or more distinct species from a single ancestral group

48
Q

What are the 3 methods of new species identification?

A
  1. biological
  2. morphospecies
  3. phylogenic
49
Q

What are distinct species defined by?

A

reproductive isolation

50
Q

What are the 5 parts of the prezygotic biological species concept?

A
  1. temporal
  2. habitat
  3. behavioral
  4. gemetic
  5. mechanical
51
Q

What are the disadvantages of the biological species concept?

A

not useful with fossils, asexual organisms, or related species

52
Q

What is the morphospecies concept?

A

distinguishing features arise when populations are isolated from gene flow

53
Q

What is the phylogenetic species concept based upon?

A

common ancestry

54
Q

What is a clade?

A

the ancestral population + all descendants

55
Q

What does allopatry mean?

A

the populations become physically separated

56
Q

What are the two types of allopatry?

A

dispersal and vicariance

57
Q

What does sympatry mean?

A

the populations become close enough to interbreed

58
Q

What is it called when divergence has occurred and has affected where, when, or how individuals mate?

A

prezygotic isolation

59
Q

What is population fusion?

A

when two populations interbreed and lose distinguishing features

60
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

differences between species persist and they remain divergent

61
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

62
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

a tree that shows ancestor-descendant relationships

63
Q

What is a branch of a phylogenetic tree?

A

the population through time

64
Q

What is a node of a phylogenetic tree?

A

when an ancestral population is split into 2

65
Q

What is the terminal node of a phylogenetic tree?

A

tip or endpoint of a branch

66
Q

What are the 3 characteristics that these relationships are based off of?

A
  1. morphology
  2. behavior
  3. development
67
Q

What is the phenetic approach?

A

focuses on similar observable traits

68
Q

What is the cladistic approach?

A

focuses on shared ancestry

69
Q

What is a synaptomorphies?

A

a trait in a group of species in a clade that doesn’t exist in other clades

70
Q

What is homoplasy?

A

similar traits evolving independently in different groups

71
Q

What is homology

A

similar traits between 2 groups because of a common ancestor

72
Q

What are adaptive radiations?

A

when a single lineage produces many descendants that vary

73
Q

What two triggers trigger adaptive radiation events?

A

ecological opportunity and morphological innovation

Evolution (11 decks)

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