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Evolution > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is evolution?

A

a change in heritable traits of a population over time

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2
Q

What is a population?

A

same species, living the same place, at the same time

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3
Q

What is a trait?

A

a distinguishing characteristic of an organism

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4
Q

What are the two components of cell theory?

A

all living organisms are composed of cells

cells arise from cells

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5
Q

What does natural selection act upon?

A

individuals, not populations

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6
Q

What was Charles Lyell’s idea?

A

the earth was formed by a combination of slow-moving forces

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7
Q

What was Lamarck’s idea?

A

Acquired characteristics can be passed on to offspring

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8
Q

What was the idea of special creation?

A

species are immutable/incapable of change

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9
Q

What are the two categories that are used to classify organisms?

A

genus + species

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10
Q

What is a intact fossil?

A

both interior and exterior architecture of the structure is preserved

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11
Q

What is a compression fossil?

A

weight compresses a “shadow” of the organism or plant that was on the rock

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12
Q

What is a cast fossil?

A

only the exterior architecture of the structure is preserved

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13
Q

What is a permineralized fossil?

A

Extremely slow decomposition and cell interior hardens

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14
Q

True or false? The process of fossil formation requires rapid burial and slow decomposition

A

true

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15
Q

True or false? sedimentary and metamorphic rock are unlikely to contain fossils

A

False. Igneous and metamorphic do not contain fossils

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16
Q

What is taxonomic bias?

A

trying to determine what the organism looked like

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17
Q

What is habitat bias?

A

trying to determine where the organism lived

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18
Q

What is temporal bias?

A

trying to determine when the organism lived

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19
Q

What is abundance bias?

A

trying to determine how many of that organism lived

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20
Q

What are vestigial traits?

A

traits that we no longer need as humans but needed before we evolved. ex: wisdom teeth, appendix

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21
Q

What is evolution by natural selection?

A

a change in the allele frequency of a population over time

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22
Q

What are the 3 conditions need to be met for evolution to occur?

A

the trait needs to vary, the trait needs to be heritable, and there must be competition for survival

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23
Q

What does darwin mean when he says “fitness”

A

being fit means being able to reproduce more compared to others

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24
Q

What does it mean to say that “evolution is not progressive”

A

there are no “higher” and “lower” life forms

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25
Q

What does it mean to say that evolution has historical constraints?

A

traits in populations evolve from previously existing traits

26
Q

What does it mean to say that not all traits are adaptive?

A

vestigal traits are reduced in size and function

27
Q

What does it mean to say that there are trade-offs in evolution?

A

evolution involves compromise

28
Q

What does it mean to say that evolution has genetic constraints?

A

combinations of alleles are carried together on the same chromosome

29
Q

What is not an example of microevolution?

A

altered beak shape in galapagos finches

30
Q

What does structural homology mean?

A

similar structure between species due to a common ancestor

31
Q

What must be replaced every time a cell divides to make new cells?

A

DNA

32
Q

What contains a anticodon?

A

tRNA

33
Q

What contains alpha-helices and beta-sheets?

A

protein

34
Q

What contains a sequence of amino acids?

A

protein

35
Q

What contains the bases A, G, C, and T?

A

DNA

36
Q

What contains three-base units called codons?

A

mRNA

37
Q

What is used as a template for the process of translation?

A

mRNA

38
Q

What contains all the information needed to create an entire organism?

A

DNA

39
Q

What is the central dogma of biology?

A

DNA is transcribed to RNA and RNA is translated into protein and protein creates traits

40
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

a single base is added or removed from the DNA

41
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

A base being replaced creating a premature STOP codon

42
Q

What is a chromosome inversion?

A

a portion of the chromosome is removed, flipped, and reinserted

43
Q

What is a chromosome translocation?

A

a portion is the chromosome is removed and reinserts on another chromosome

44
Q

Which mutations lead to a change in the protein produced from the gene?

A

they all do

45
Q

What mutation must occur in order to lead to evolutionary change?

A

gamete mutation

46
Q

What are the 4 phases of the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, M

47
Q

What does G1 stand for in the cell cycle?

A

Gap 1

48
Q

What does S stand for in the cell cycle?

A

Synthesis

49
Q

What does G2 stand for in the cell cycle?

A

Gap 2

50
Q

What does M stand for in the cell cycle?

A

cellular division– metaphase

51
Q

What phases contain checkpoints?

A

Gap 1, Gap 2, and metaphase

52
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

53
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

sister chromatids separate, pulled to opposite ends of the cell

54
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

chromosomes condense, spindle apparatus forms

55
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

nuclear envelope reforms spindle disentegrates

56
Q

What happens in prometaphase?

A

nuclear envelop disintegrates

57
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

58
Q

What to proteins join together to make MPF?

A

CDK and cyclin

59
Q

What does MPF do?

A

MPF once activated with CDK promotes other proteins to phosphorylate

60
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

breeding different organisms to create desired traits

61
Q

What is allele frequency?

A

of an allele in a gene pool % total # of alleles in green pool

62
Q

What rocks contain fossils?

A

sedimentary rocks and clays

Evolution (11 decks)

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