Exam 1

Question 1

What is evolution?

Answer 1

a change in heritable traits of a population over time

Question 2

What is a population?

Answer 2

same species, living the same place, at the same time

Question 3

What is a trait?

Answer 3

a distinguishing characteristic of an organism

Question 4

What are the two components of cell theory?

Answer 4

all living organisms are composed of cells

cells arise from cells

Question 5

What does natural selection act upon?

Answer 5

individuals, not populations

Question 6

What was Charles Lyell’s idea?

Answer 6

the earth was formed by a combination of slow-moving forces

Question 7

What was Lamarck’s idea?

Answer 7

Acquired characteristics can be passed on to offspring

Question 8

What was the idea of special creation?

Answer 8

species are immutable/incapable of change

Question 9

What are the two categories that are used to classify organisms?

Answer 9

genus + species

Question 10

What is a intact fossil?

Answer 10

both interior and exterior architecture of the structure is preserved

Question 11

What is a compression fossil?

Answer 11

weight compresses a “shadow” of the organism or plant that was on the rock

Question 12

What is a cast fossil?

Answer 12

only the exterior architecture of the structure is preserved

Question 13

What is a permineralized fossil?

Answer 13

Extremely slow decomposition and cell interior hardens

Question 14

True or false? The process of fossil formation requires rapid burial and slow decomposition

Answer 14

true

Question 15

True or false? sedimentary and metamorphic rock are unlikely to contain fossils

Answer 15

False. Igneous and metamorphic do not contain fossils

Question 16

What is taxonomic bias?

Answer 16

trying to determine what the organism looked like

Question 17

What is habitat bias?

Answer 17

trying to determine where the organism lived

Question 18

What is temporal bias?

Answer 18

trying to determine when the organism lived

Question 19

What is abundance bias?

Answer 19

trying to determine how many of that organism lived

Question 20

What are vestigial traits?

Answer 20

traits that we no longer need as humans but needed before we evolved. ex: wisdom teeth, appendix

Question 21

What is evolution by natural selection?

Answer 21

a change in the allele frequency of a population over time

Question 22

What are the 3 conditions need to be met for evolution to occur?

Answer 22

the trait needs to vary, the trait needs to be heritable, and there must be competition for survival

Question 23

What does darwin mean when he says “fitness”

Answer 23

being fit means being able to reproduce more compared to others

Question 24

What does it mean to say that “evolution is not progressive”

Answer 24

there are no “higher” and “lower” life forms

Question 25

What does it mean to say that evolution has historical constraints?

Answer 25

traits in populations evolve from previously existing traits

Question 26

What does it mean to say that not all traits are adaptive?

Answer 26

vestigal traits are reduced in size and function

Question 27

What does it mean to say that there are trade-offs in evolution?

Answer 27

evolution involves compromise

Question 28

What does it mean to say that evolution has genetic constraints?

Answer 28

combinations of alleles are carried together on the same chromosome

Question 29

What is not an example of microevolution?

Answer 29

altered beak shape in galapagos finches

Question 30

What does structural homology mean?

Answer 30

similar structure between species due to a common ancestor

Question 31

What must be replaced every time a cell divides to make new cells?

Answer 31

DNA

Question 32

What contains a anticodon?

Answer 32

tRNA

Question 33

What contains alpha-helices and beta-sheets?

Answer 33

protein

Question 34

What contains a sequence of amino acids?

Answer 34

protein

Question 35

What contains the bases A, G, C, and T?

Answer 35

DNA

Question 36

What contains three-base units called codons?

Answer 36

mRNA

Question 37

What is used as a template for the process of translation?

Answer 37

mRNA

Question 38

What contains all the information needed to create an entire organism?

Answer 38

DNA

Question 39

What is the central dogma of biology?

Answer 39

DNA is transcribed to RNA and RNA is translated into protein and protein creates traits

Question 40

What is a frameshift mutation?

Answer 40

a single base is added or removed from the DNA

Question 41

What is a nonsense mutation?

Answer 41

A base being replaced creating a premature STOP codon

Question 42

What is a chromosome inversion?

Answer 42

a portion of the chromosome is removed, flipped, and reinserted

Question 43

What is a chromosome translocation?

Answer 43

a portion is the chromosome is removed and reinserts on another chromosome

Question 44

Which mutations lead to a change in the protein produced from the gene?

Answer 44

they all do

Question 45

What mutation must occur in order to lead to evolutionary change?

Answer 45

gamete mutation

Question 46

What are the 4 phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 46

G1, S, G2, M

Question 47

What does G1 stand for in the cell cycle?

Answer 47

Gap 1

Question 48

What does S stand for in the cell cycle?

Answer 48

Synthesis

Question 49

What does G2 stand for in the cell cycle?

Answer 49

Gap 2

Question 50

What does M stand for in the cell cycle?

Answer 50

cellular division-- metaphase

Question 51

What phases contain checkpoints?

Answer 51

Gap 1, Gap 2, and metaphase

Question 52

What is apoptosis?

Answer 52

programmed cell death

Question 53

What happens in anaphase?

Answer 53

sister chromatids separate, pulled to opposite ends of the cell

Question 54

What happens in prophase?

Answer 54

chromosomes condense, spindle apparatus forms

Question 55

What happens in telophase?

Answer 55

nuclear envelope reforms spindle disentegrates

Question 56

What happens in prometaphase?

Answer 56

nuclear envelop disintegrates

Question 57

What happens in metaphase?

Answer 57

chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

Question 58

What to proteins join together to make MPF?

Answer 58

CDK and cyclin

Question 59

What does MPF do?

Answer 59

MPF once activated with CDK promotes other proteins to phosphorylate

Question 60

What is artificial selection?

Answer 60

breeding different organisms to create desired traits

Question 61

What is allele frequency?

Answer 61

of an allele in a gene pool % total # of alleles in green pool

Question 62

What rocks contain fossils?

Answer 62

sedimentary rocks and clays