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Evolution > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of meiosis?

A

Division of a nucleus to produce four daughter cells with half the genetic DNA of their parents

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2
Q

What are 3 differences between mitosis and meiosis?

A

There is an extra step in meiosis – reduced by 1/2.

Mitosis produces a clone. Mitosis is asexual and meiosis is sexual.

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3
Q

What general category of cells does meiosis occur?

A

sexual reproduction/gametes

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4
Q

True or false: Bacteria only undergoes meiosis when gametes are being produced

A

Fasle: bacteria only undergoes mitosis

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5
Q

What is the chromosomal structure that lines up during metaphase 1?

A

homologus pairs

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6
Q

What is the chromosomal structure that lines up during metaphase 2?

A

Sister chromatids

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7
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

2(n)

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8
Q

True or false? Crossing over occurs during late prophase 2 of meiosis

A

Fasle: it occurs in late prophase 1

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9
Q

In order for crossing over to occur between homologous chromosomes, the homologous pairs must line up and make a protein bridge connection called…

A

synapsis

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10
Q

The exact locations on the chromosomes where crossing over occurs is called…

A

chiasma

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11
Q

During what stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

A

During the S phase

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12
Q

What happens in early prophase 1?

A

chromosome condense, spindle apparatus appears

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13
Q

What happens in late prophase 1?

A

synapses form, crossing over occurs

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14
Q

What happens in metaphase 1?

A

homologous pairs line up in the center of the cell

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15
Q

What happens in anaphase 1?

A

homologous pairs of chromosomes are pulled apart

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16
Q

What happens in telophase 1?

A

new nuclear membranes form, spindle breaks apart

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17
Q

What happens in prophase 2?

A

chromosomes condense, spindle apparatus appears

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18
Q

What happens in metaphase 2?

A

sister chromatids line up in the center of the cell

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19
Q

What happens in anaphase 2?

A

sister chromatids are pulled apart

20
Q

What happens in telophase 2?

A

new nuclear membranes form, spindle breaks apart

21
Q

What part of the paradox of sex explains sexual reproduction produces 50% male, and male offspring do not produce more offspring?

A

Two fold cost of males

22
Q

What part of the paradox of sex explains sexual reproduction allows for organisms to adapt to the changes in the environment?

A

the changing environment hypothesis

23
Q

What part of the paradox of sex explains sexual reproduction allows for purification of bad genes?

A

purifying selection hypothesis

24
Q

What is Mendel’s principle of segregation?

A

States that each gamete contains 1 allele for each trait

25
Q

What specific kind of inheritance pattern will show up in a reciprocal cross?

A

An X-linked inheritance

26
Q

What is a simple trait?

A

a trait that has two versions

27
Q

What is an allele?

A

a version of a gene

28
Q

What is a gamete?

A

sex cell (egg or sperm)

29
Q

What is a trait?

A

a characteristic of an organism

30
Q

What is the genotype of a homozygous recessive parent? (using G)

A

gg

31
Q

What is the genotype of a heterozygous parent? (using G)

A

Gg

32
Q

What alleles can each parent place into their gametes? (using homozygous and heterozygous parent using G)

A

parent 1– g

parent 2– G or g

33
Q

What is an example of a homozygous recessive trait? (using A)

A

aa

34
Q

What is an example of a hybrid? (using A)

A

Aa

35
Q

Example of a heterozygous? (using R)

A

Rr

36
Q

What is an example of an X-linked trait? Using (XgY)

A

X^G Y

37
Q

What is multiple allelism?

A

when there are more than two versions of a trait

38
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

when a dark purple flower and a white flower forms a light purple flower

39
Q

What is sex linkage?

A

When disease is caused by a recessive allele almost only seen in males

40
Q

What is gene linkage?

A

two teens are located 35cM from each other on the same chromosome

41
Q

What is pleiotrophy?

A

When one gene affects many different traits, such as Marfan Syndrome

42
Q

What is environmental influence?

A

when the expression of a gene influenced by an individuals environment

43
Q

What is Co-dominance?

A

when more than one allele is expressed at the same time

44
Q

What are quantitative traits?

A

when many genes interact to produce a single trait

45
Q

What does it mean to say that two genes are “linked”?

A

When genes are located on the same chromosome

46
Q

Under what conditions is it possible for two genes to essentially always be inherited together?

A

When the linkage distance has to be less than one cM

Evolution (11 decks)

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