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Clinical Psychology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

American Psychological Association

A

body that provides parameters for the definition of clinical psychology

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2
Q

boulder model

A

the balanced, two-pronged approach to clinical psychology training that emphasizes practice and research

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3
Q

clinical psychology

A

first used in print in 1907, conceptualized as work with clients that involved aspects of treatment, education, and interpersonal issues

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4
Q

clinical-scientist model

A

the approach to clinical psychology training that emphasizes research and science more so than clinical practice

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5
Q

counseling psychologists

A

psychologists who were historically more likely to work with (“counsel”) clients whose psychological disorders were less severe

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6
Q

Division of Clinical Psychology

A

division of the American Psychological Association that provides a (very broad) definition of clinical psychology

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7
Q

postdoctoral internship

A

the internship that takes place after receiving a PhD/PsyD degree that typically lasts 1-2 years that culminates in licensure for a psychologist

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8
Q

practitioner-scholar model

A

an educational and operational model that focuses on the practical application of scholarly knowledge

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9
Q

professional counselors

A

professionals that counsel people with problems in living or mild mental illness (also called licensed professional counselors or LPCs)

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10
Q

psychiatrists

A

licensed physicians that can prescribe medications

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11
Q

science-practitioner model

A

founded on the ideology that trained professional psychologists should be knowledgeable in both research and clinical practice.

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12
Q

Vail model

A

the approach to clinical psychology training that emphasizes clinical practice rather than academic research

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13
Q

Lightner Witmer

A

first person to use “clinical psychology” in print, first person to operate a psychological clinic

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14
Q

Boulder Conference (1949)

A

the conference where training directors agreed both practice and research were essential to PhD clinical psychology training

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15
Q

diagnostic criteria

A

lists indicating exactly what symptoms constitute each disorder

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16
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

an early pioneer of clinical psychology who traveled to cities collecting data on the treatment of people with mental illness, presented that data to local community leaders, and persuaded them to adopt more humane treatment

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17
Q

Emil Kraepelin

A

the father of descriptive psychiatry who created a new two-category system that differentiated mental illnesses into exogenous and endogenous disorders

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18
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

first published in 1943, a comprehensive personality measure of 550 true-false statements that compared test takers’ answers to groups in the standardization sample that represented diagnostic categories and included validity scales to assess the test takers’ response

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19
Q

multiaxial system

A

a five-axis method of assessment and organization of biopsychosocial information in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

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20
Q

Philippe Pinel

A

an early pioneer of clinical psychology in France who brought people with mental illness out of dungeons and into his new institutions

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21
Q

psychodynamic

A

an approach in clinical psychology that emphasizes psychotherapy that rose to prominence in the mid-20th century

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22
Q

psychosis

A

a mental state that can make it difficult to distinguish between reality and fantasy

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23
Q

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales

A

Lewis Terman’s revision of the Binet-Simon scale

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24
Q

Edward Lee Thorndike

A

a 20th-century psychologist who promoted the idea that each person possesses separate, independent intelligences

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25
Q

Eli Todd

A

an early pioneer of clinical psychology who carried out Pinel’s message in the U.S. and opened The Retreat

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26
Q

William Tuke

A

an early pioneer of clinical psychology in England who devoted much of his life to improving conditions in asylums and opened the York Retreat

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27
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS and WISC)

A

-WAIS: the re-standardized and revised Wechsler-Bellevue test published in 1955
-WISC: the children’s version of Wechsler’s intelligence test published in 1949

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28
Q

Lightner Witmer

A

the founder of the first psychological clinic who systemically and intentionally applied the science of psychology to people’s problems

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29
Q

Patrick H. DeLeon

A

a former president of the APA who advocates for the movement toward prescribing

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30
Q

evidence-based practice

A

a treatment approach that uses the best available scientific evidence to inform clinical decision-making and service delivery

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31
Q

manualized therapy

A

a type of behavior therapy that uses treatment manuals to guide clinicians in applying specific therapeutic techniques to various mental health disorders.

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32
Q

Robert McGrath

A

a prominent director and former president of the Society for Prescribing Psychology who advocates for the movement toward prescribing

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33
Q

prescription privileges

A

the ability to prescribe medication to patients

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34
Q

Morgan T. Sammons

A

a widely recognized expert of psychopharmacology and 1 of 10 psychologists who took part in the first pilot program of psychologists prescribing medication

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35
Q

telepsychology

A

the use of technology, particularly the Internet, by clinical psychologists to deliver care

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36
Q

therapy manual

A

a tool used to keep variability among therapists to a minimum so that if the technique proves effective, it can be shared in exact, unambiguous terms

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37
Q

acculturation

A

people’s response to a new cultural environment, especially concerning adopting elements of the new culture or retaining elements of their original culture

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38
Q

cultural competence

A

the awareness, knowledge, and skills clinicians can display in order to treat their client best

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39
Q

cultural concepts of distress

A

terms that represent psychological problems observed in groups from various parts of the world that have been compiled in a glossary in the DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR

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40
Q

cultural diversity

A

the presence of varied ethnicities in one community

41
Q

cultural self-awareness

A

a clinical psychologist’s awareness of their own cultural influences (values, assumptions, and biases)

42
Q

Peterson

A

emphasis on the importance of questioning assumptions and engaging in critical analysis

43
Q

heterogeneity

A

the differences within a cultural group

44
Q

individual level

A

the level that acknowledges that every person is, in some ways, like no other person

45
Q

microaggressions

A

the comments or actions made in a cross-cultural context that convey prejudicial, negative, or stereotypical beliefs and may suggest dominance or superiority of one group over another

46
Q

multiculturalism

A

the influence of culture and diversity

47
Q

subcultures

A

subsections of society

48
Q

tripartite model of personal identity

A

the three-level model that holds the individual, group, and universal levels of personality as equals

49
Q

4th force

A

Multiculturalism, multiculturalism enhances and strengthens existing models by infusing them with sensitivity and awareness of how they can be applied to diverse groups

50
Q

boundaries of competence

A

a psychologist’s specific area of competence that is based on education, training, supervised experience, consultation, study, and/or professional experience

51
Q

burnout

A

a state of exhaustion that relates to engaging continually in emotionally demanding work that exceeds the normal stresses or psychological “wear and tear” of the job

52
Q

code of ethics

A

the guidelines published by the APA that govern ethical standards across common professional activities, such as therapy, assessment, research, and teaching

53
Q

competence

A

the skills, experience, and expertise that qualifies a clinical psychologist to adequately complete the professional tasks they undertake

54
Q

confidentiality

A

the ethical process of taking reasonable precautions to protect confidential information

55
Q

duty to warn

A

the legal precedent that psychologists and other therapists have a responsibility to warn or protect people toward whom their clients make credible, serious threats

56
Q

enforceable

A

the comprehensive list of standards that psychologists must meet and can face punishment for violating

57
Q

ethical decision making

A

a process standardized by Celia Fisher in Decoding the Ethics Code that models how to maintain professional ethics

58
Q

Ethical Standards

A

one of two sections in the APA ethical code that incudes enforceable rules of conduct

59
Q

Celia Fisher

A

a chair of the APA Ethics Code Task force who created the 2002 revision of the ethical code

60
Q
A
61
Q

General Principles

A

one of two sections in the APA ethical code that is aspirational

62
Q

informed consent

A

information about the psychological intervention, such as research or treatment, given to a person before the intervention begins

63
Q

multiple relationships

A

a situation in which a clinical psychologist knows someone professionally, such as a client or student, and also in another way, such as a friend, business partner, or romantic partner

64
Q

nonsexual multiple relationships

A

multiple relationships such as friendships, business or financial relationships, coworker or supervisory relationships, affiliations through religious activities, and many other forms

65
Q

Tarasoff case

A

the case that established the duty to warn after Tatiana Tarasoff’s her ex-boyfriend told his psychologist he intended to kill Tarasoff, the psychologist did not adequately warn her, and the client killed her

66
Q

sexual multiple relationships

A

the most flagrant and damaging multiple relationship in which the clinical psychologist becomes a sexual partner of the client

67
Q

ABAB Design

A

an experimental design in which a treatment is alternately applied and removed, with A and B each representing the presence or absence of the treatment

68
Q

analogue design

A

Compare the events of 2 situations to look for correlations

69
Q

between-group design

A

Each participant participates in only 1 condition

70
Q

case studies

A

studies that involve a thorough and detailed examination of one person or situation

71
Q

control group

A

a group in an experiment that doesn’t receive the treatment

72
Q

correlational methods

A

the process of examining the relationship that exists between two or more variables that does not determine a causal relationship between them

73
Q

cross-sectional designs

A

experimental designs that assess or compare a participant group at one particular point in time

74
Q

dependent variables

A

The variable that is measured

75
Q

experimental condition

A

to expose a participant to treatment

76
Q

experimental method

A

a method that involves a number of discrete, sequential steps, including observation, hypothesis, empirical testing, and hypothesis revision

77
Q

external validity

A

the extent to which the findings of a scientific study can be applied to other situations, people, or times

78
Q

independent variables

A

the variable that is changed

79
Q

internal validity

A

the extent to which the change in the dependent variable is due solely to the change in the independent variable

80
Q

longitudinal designs

A

experimental designs that emphasize changes across time. Makes within-group comparisons from time to time

81
Q

meta-analysis

A

a statistical method of combining the results of separate studies to create a summary of the findings

82
Q

mixed-group designs

A

Different groups receive different treatments and responses are assessed over time at different phases of the experiment

83
Q

quasi-experimental design

A

Experimental Design is less scientifically based but is frequently used in clinical psychology due to ethical considerations

84
Q

randomized clinical trials

A

a common type of experimental study in which researchers test the outcome of a particular, manualized therapy on a particular diagnosis

85
Q

within-group design

A

Everyone participates in all conditions

86
Q

abnormality

A

an abnormal feature, characteristic, or occurrence

87
Q

categorical approach

A

the traditional approach in DSM in which the individual can be placed definitively in the “yes” or “no” category regarding a particular form of psychopathology

88
Q

diagnostic & statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)

A

the prevailing diagnostic guide for mental health professionals

89
Q

dimensional approach

A

a method for classifying mental disorders that focuses on the degree to which a person exhibits certain characteristics

90
Q

DSM-I

A

Published in 1952 and contained only three broad categories of disorder: neuroses, psychoses, and character disorders

91
Q

DSM-II

A

also containing only three broad categories of disorders: psychoses, neuroses, and character disorders

92
Q

DSM-III

A

Published in 1980, it relied more on empirical data to determine which disorders to include and how to define them.
.Used specific diagnostic criteria to define disorders

93
Q

DMS-III-R

A

published in 1987, this edition retained the major quantitative and qualitative changes instituted by DSM-III

94
Q

DSM-IV

A

published in 1994, this edition retained the major quantitative and qualitative changes instituted by DSM-III

95
Q

DSM-IV-R

A

published in 2000, this edition retained the major quantitative and qualitative changes instituted by DSM-III

96
Q

DSM-5

A

published in 2013, this edition was the first substantial revision of the manual in about 20 years

97
Q

medical model of psychopathology

A

a model in which each disorder is an entity defined categorically and features a list of specific symptoms

98
Q

multiaxial assessment

A

a system in which the psychiatric problems were described on each of five distinct axes

Clinical Psychology (15 decks)

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