Chapter 12

Question 1

allegiance effects

Answer 1

the influence of researchers’ own biases and preferences on the outcome of their empirical studies

Question 2

anal stage

Answer 2

from age 1.5 to 3 years, toilet training is a primary task but children learn to control themselves generally

Question 3

“blank screen” role

Answer 3

the psychodynamic psychotherapist’s role in which they reveal very little about themselves to their clients to ensure the material brought up can be attributed to the client

Question 4

brief psychodynamic

Answer 4

a more common update to psychoanalysis that lasts fewer than 24 sessions, where the therapist and client quickly form an alliance, develop insights that facilitate new ways of understanding, and translate these insights into real-world changes

Question 5

psychotherapy

Answer 5

treatments that aim to help a person identify and change troubling emotions, thoughts, and behaviors.

Question 6

countertransference

Answer 6

transference by therapists toward clients that psychodynamic therapists strive to minimize

Question 7

defense mechanisms

Answer 7

a collection of techniques the ego uses to partially satisfy both opposing forces while also meeting the demands of reality

Question 8

displacement

Answer 8

when the id has an impulse and the superego rejects it, the ego can redirect the id impulse toward a safer target

Question 9

dream work

Answer 9

Freud’s conceptualization of the process of the unconscious using symbols to express wishes, which can result in unconscious wishes appearing in a very distorted or disguised form

Question 10

dreams

Answer 10

“royal roads” to the unconscious

Question 11

ego

Answer 11

one of Freud’s three forces that make up the structural model of the mind which is a mediator, a compromise maker between the id and the superego

Question 12

ego psychology

Answer 12

highlights social relationships and emphasizes the adaptive tendencies of the ego over the pleasure-based drive of the id

Question 13

fixation

Answer 13

the idea that as children move through the developmental stages, they may become psychologically or emotionally “stuck” at any one of them to some extent and may continue to struggle with issues related to that stage for many years, often well into adulthood

Question 14

free association

Answer 14

a technique in which psychodynamic psychotherapists simply ask clients to say whatever comes to mind without censoring themselves at all

Question 15

Sigmund Freud

Answer 15

pioneer of psychodynamic psychotherapy and creator of psychoanalysis

Question 16

Freudian slips

Answer 16

verbal or behavioral mistakes that can’t be explained by motivations of which we are aware and which reveal unconscious wishes

Question 17

Id

Answer 17

one of Freud’s three forces that make up the structural model of the mind which is the part of the mind that generates all the pleasure-seeking, selfish, indulgent, animalistic impulses

Question 18

inferential

Answer 18

a type of statistical analysis that psychologists use to make inferences about a population based on data from a sample

Question 19

insight

Answer 19

the phenomenon of looking inside oneself and noticing something that had previously gone unseen

Question 20

interpersonal therapy

Answer 20

developed in the 1980s by Gerald Klerman, Myrna Weissman, and colleagues, a form of therapy originally created to treat depression that is designed to last about 14 to 20 sessions and has goals that are more focused and limited

Question 21

interpretation

Answer 21

a therapist explaining a client’s feelings, behaviors, or issues in a way that’s meaningful to the client.

Question 22

latent content

Answer 22

Freud’s concept of raw thoughts and feelings of the unconscious that is converted to manifest content during sleep

Question 23

manifest content

Answer 23

Freud’s concept of the actual plot of the dream as we remember it, which is influenced by the unconscious

Question 24

object relations

Answer 24

led by Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg, Ronald Fairbairn, and others, a revision of psychodynamic theory that deemphasizes internal conflict and emphasizes relationships between internalized “objects”

Question 25

oral stage

Answer 25

the first year and a half life in which the child experiences all pleasurable sensations through the mouth, and feeding (breast or bottle) is the focal issue

Question 26

projection

Answer 26

when the id has an impulse and the superego rejects it, the ego can attribute the id impulse onto other people around us

Question 26

phallic stage

Answer 26

from about age 3 to about age 6, children wish to have a special, close relationship with parents and are developing self-worth

Question 27

psychodynamic psychotherapy

Answer 27

focuses on unconscious processes as they are manifested in the client’s present behavior

Question 28

reaction formation

Answer 28

when the id has an impulse and the superego rejects it, the ego can form a reaction against the id impulse—essentially, do the exact opposite

Question 29

repression

Answer 29

when the id has an impulse and the superego rejects it, the ego can repress conscious awareness of the impulse and id/superego conflict around it

Question 30

resistance

Answer 30

client anxiety that occurs when clients sense that certain unconscious thoughts and feelings are being laid bare too extensively or too quickly, which motivates them to create distractions or obstacles that impede the exploration of those thoughts and feelings

Question 31

self-psychology

Answer 31

pioneered by Hans Kohut and others, a revision of psychodynamic theory that emphasizes parental roles in the child’s development of self, with special attention paid to the meaning of narcissism at various points, including in therapy

Question 32

sublimation

Answer 32

when the id has an impulse and the superego rejects it, the ego can sublimate it—essentially, redirect it in such a way that the resulting behavior actually benefits others

Question 33

superego

Answer 33

one of Freud’s three forces that make up the structural model of the mind which establishes rules, restrictions, and prohibitions

Question 34

time-limited dynamic psychotherapy

Answer 34

an interpersonal, time- sensitive approach for patients with chronic, pervasive, dysfunctional ways sensitive of relating.

Question 35

transference

Answer 35

clients’ tendency to form relationships with therapists in which they unconsciously and unrealistically expect the therapist to behave like important people from the clients’ pasts

Question 36

unconscious

Answer 36

part of the mind that contains mental processes and states that are not easily accessible to conscious awareness or voluntary control

Question 37

working through

Answer 37

the process in which interpretations, which can be difficult for clients to accept, are reconsidered and reevaluated again and again