Chapter 12 Flashcards
allegiance effects
the influence of researchers’ own biases and preferences on the outcome of their empirical studies
anal stage
from age 1.5 to 3 years, toilet training is a primary task but children learn to control themselves generally
“blank screen” role
the psychodynamic psychotherapist’s role in which they reveal very little about themselves to their clients to ensure the material brought up can be attributed to the client
brief psychodynamic
a more common update to psychoanalysis that lasts fewer than 24 sessions, where the therapist and client quickly form an alliance, develop insights that facilitate new ways of understanding, and translate these insights into real-world changes
psychotherapy
treatments that aim to help a person identify and change troubling emotions, thoughts, and behaviors.
countertransference
transference by therapists toward clients that psychodynamic therapists strive to minimize
defense mechanisms
a collection of techniques the ego uses to partially satisfy both opposing forces while also meeting the demands of reality
displacement
when the id has an impulse and the superego rejects it, the ego can redirect the id impulse toward a safer target
dream work
Freud’s conceptualization of the process of the unconscious using symbols to express wishes, which can result in unconscious wishes appearing in a very distorted or disguised form
dreams
“royal roads” to the unconscious
ego
one of Freud’s three forces that make up the structural model of the mind which is a mediator, a compromise maker between the id and the superego
ego psychology
highlights social relationships and emphasizes the adaptive tendencies of the ego over the pleasure-based drive of the id
fixation
the idea that as children move through the developmental stages, they may become psychologically or emotionally “stuck” at any one of them to some extent and may continue to struggle with issues related to that stage for many years, often well into adulthood
free association
a technique in which psychodynamic psychotherapists simply ask clients to say whatever comes to mind without censoring themselves at all
Sigmund Freud
pioneer of psychodynamic psychotherapy and creator of psychoanalysis
Freudian slips
verbal or behavioral mistakes that can’t be explained by motivations of which we are aware and which reveal unconscious wishes
Id
one of Freud’s three forces that make up the structural model of the mind which is the part of the mind that generates all the pleasure-seeking, selfish, indulgent, animalistic impulses
inferential
a type of statistical analysis that psychologists use to make inferences about a population based on data from a sample
insight
the phenomenon of looking inside oneself and noticing something that had previously gone unseen
interpersonal therapy
developed in the 1980s by Gerald Klerman, Myrna Weissman, and colleagues, a form of therapy originally created to treat depression that is designed to last about 14 to 20 sessions and has goals that are more focused and limited
interpretation
a therapist explaining a client’s feelings, behaviors, or issues in a way that’s meaningful to the client.
latent content
Freud’s concept of raw thoughts and feelings of the unconscious that is converted to manifest content during sleep
manifest content
Freud’s concept of the actual plot of the dream as we remember it, which is influenced by the unconscious
object relations
led by Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg, Ronald Fairbairn, and others, a revision of psychodynamic theory that deemphasizes internal conflict and emphasizes relationships between internalized “objects”
oral stage
the first year and a half life in which the child experiences all pleasurable sensations through the mouth, and feeding (breast or bottle) is the focal issue
projection
when the id has an impulse and the superego rejects it, the ego can attribute the id impulse onto other people around us
phallic stage
from about age 3 to about age 6, children wish to have a special, close relationship with parents and are developing self-worth
psychodynamic psychotherapy
focuses on unconscious processes as they are manifested in the client’s present behavior
reaction formation
when the id has an impulse and the superego rejects it, the ego can form a reaction against the id impulse—essentially, do the exact opposite
repression
when the id has an impulse and the superego rejects it, the ego can repress conscious awareness of the impulse and id/superego conflict around it
resistance
client anxiety that occurs when clients sense that certain unconscious thoughts and feelings are being laid bare too extensively or too quickly, which motivates them to create distractions or obstacles that impede the exploration of those thoughts and feelings
self-psychology
pioneered by Hans Kohut and others, a revision of psychodynamic theory that emphasizes parental roles in the child’s development of self, with special attention paid to the meaning of narcissism at various points, including in therapy
sublimation
when the id has an impulse and the superego rejects it, the ego can sublimate it—essentially, redirect it in such a way that the resulting behavior actually benefits others
superego
one of Freud’s three forces that make up the structural model of the mind which establishes rules, restrictions, and prohibitions
time-limited dynamic psychotherapy
an interpersonal, time- sensitive approach for patients with chronic, pervasive, dysfunctional ways sensitive of relating.
transference
clients’ tendency to form relationships with therapists in which they unconsciously and unrealistically expect the therapist to behave like important people from the clients’ pasts
unconscious
part of the mind that contains mental processes and states that are not easily accessible to conscious awareness or voluntary control
working through
the process in which interpretations, which can be difficult for clients to accept, are reconsidered and reevaluated again and again
