Final Exam Flashcards
What best describes a symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit?
mutualism
Which of the following bacteria do NOT have a cell well?
mycoplasmas
Prokaryotic cells that move in response to nutrient levels are said to display
chemotaxis
Which of the following contains DNA or RNA but not both?
Viruses
An obligate halophile requires high
salt
In a chemical reaction, enzymes ___ the activation energy and ___ the reaction rate.
lower; increase
Which of the following is a direct counting method?
viable plate count
Psychrotrophs would be expected to grow
at refrigeration temperatures
Which of the following is NOT a bacterial shape or arrangement?
bacilli in chains
Which bactereial structure is primarily responsible for preventing bacteria from being destroyed by the hosts immune cells?
capsule
The initial step in the process of many bacterial infections is adhereence of the microbe to mucous membranes. The bacterial component that mediates adhereence is the
pilus
Plasma membranes are composed principally of
protein and phospholipid
Which type of organism gets energy from breaking down organic molecules and uses sugars as a carbon source?
chemoheterotroph
The difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion is that simple ediffusion
does not require a protein
The breakdown of a protein into its building blocks (amino acids) is
catabolic and exergonic
Which of the following can be determined using simple stains?
size, shape and cellular arrangement
Microbes that primarily infect the lungs are likely to be classifed as
obligate aerobes
Certain antibiotics, such as streptomycin, inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by targeting the
70s ribosome
What is the difference between spirilla and spirochetes?
spirilla are rigid with external flagella; spirochetes are flexible with internal flagella
Helicobater pylori is a bacterial pathogen known to cause gastric ulcers and stomach cancer in humans. Which term best describes H. pylori?
mesophilic acidophile
Abiogenesis refers to the
spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter
Lysozyme in tears is an effective mechanism for precenting bacterial conjunctivitis (pink eye), Which bacterial structure does lysozyme degrade?
peptidoglycan
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding mitochondria?
mitochondria are not found in plant cells
What enables competitive inhibitors to bind to a specific enzyme?
competitive inhibitors have structures that resemble the enzyme’s substrate
Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that solubilizes CO2 so that it can be removed from human tissues. Zinc is required for this enzyme to function. Thus, zinc is best described as a(n) ___ that is required to form the functional ___
inorganic cofactor; holoenzyme
How does a noncompetitive inhibitor reduce an enzyme’s activity?
The inhibitor binds to a location other than the active site, changing the shape of the active site.
What is the advantage of the spiral movement of spirochetes?
It allows the cells to move more easily through viscous human tissues and fluids, such as mucus.
Catabolic and anabolic reactions are coupled (connected). Which statement best describes this relationship?
Catabolic reactions provide energy and smaller molecules required for anabolic reactions.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is grown for 80 hours. During that time, they go through four generations of growth. What is the generation time in minutes?
80 hourts/ 4 generations = 20 hours * 60 minutes… 1200 minutes/generation
What. is the total number of bacteria produced if 10 bacteria undergo binary fission for. 5 generations?
10 x 2^5
What tube below. shos the. expected growth pattern for a facultative anaerobe?
B
Whichtube below shos the expected growth pattern for a microaerophile?
E
In the figure below, which represents a cell wall that possesses endotoxin?
B
In the figure below, which represents a cell wall sensitive to the antibiotic penicillin?
A
Which of the. following would you expect to find in Gram-ppositive cell walls?
Peptidoglycan…teichoic. acid
Which of the following include eukaryotic cells?
Fungi, animals, helminths
memorize
After using an inoculating loop to transfer a culture from one medium to the next, what step should be taken next to avoid contamination?
Heat the inoculating loop with the bunsen burner flame until it becomes red hot.
Immersion oil should be cleaned off an objective with which product
lens paper
The 40x objective of a light microscope is also known as the __ objective
high-dry
You have just rotated the 40x objective into position after viewing the specimen with the 10x objective. What should be your next step?
adjust the fine focus knob
What is the purpose. of heat fixing your slide before staining?
Heat fixation adhere the cells to the slide and coagulates thebacterial proteins, effectively killing the bacteria
What does ubiquitous mean?
Everywhere or in large amounts q
memorize
An inanimate object capable of being contaminated by infectious microbes is known as a(n)
fomite
Small, circular DNA molecules that replicate independently of bacterial chromosomes are called
plasmids
hich scientist is most responsible for finally disproving the. theory of spontaneous
Louis Pasteur
Some bacteria are obligate anaerobes. Which statement best explains this phenomenon?
They lack superoxide dismutase and catalase.W
hich is the acid-fast stain clinically useful?
It identifies the causative agents of leprosy and tuberculosis.
Which of the following steps in viral multiplication is only true of animal viruses?
uncoating
Which receptors of the influenza virus are responsible for binding to the host cell?
hemagglutinin
The region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transciption is called the
promoter
Transcription produces which of the following?
mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
Corynebacterium. diphtheria is made virulent by incorporated prophage. genes encoding the diphtheria toxin. What term describes this process?
lysogenic conversion
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of DNA replication?
new strands made in a 3’ -> 5’ direction
According to the operon model, a repressible enzyme will stop being produced when the
end-product is in excess
Deleterious mutations of ___ would result in the lac operon always being turned on.
repressor
RNA molecules. differ from DNA molecules because only RNA
All choices are correct
A gram-negative bacilli infection would be best treated with
aminoglycosides
Which viruses can cause gastroenteritis. with acute diarrhea?
Noroviruses and rotaviruses
Which of the following does NOT apply to shingles?
Occurs before chickenpox
Which of the following is NOT a chacteristic of the genetic dode?
all of the above are true of the genetic code
The analysis of the bases of the nucleic acid of a newly discoveredvirus showed 20% adenine, 40% G, 10% T and 30% cytosine. Thee viral nucleic acid is most likely
single-stranded DNA
Important charactereistics of antimicrobic drugs include all of the following EXEPT
has a low therapeutic index
The cellular basis for bactereial resistance to antimicrobics include
All these choices are correct
The most damaging type of mutation is a ___ mutation which can be caused by ___ mutations.
frameshift; deletion and insertion
Which of the following is FALSA regarding the lagging strand of DNA replication?
It is synthesized by DNA polymerase I instead of DNA polymerase III
Regarding both penicillins and quinolones, which one of the following tis the most accurate?
Both are bactericidal drugs
Which of the following is NOT true of measles?
Negri bodies can be found in the brainstem
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are
All the choices are correct.
Which of would be the first step in the biosynthesis of a virus with reverse transcriptase?
a complementary strand of DNA must be synthesized from an RNA template.
Bacteriophage replication differs from animal virus replication because only bacteriophage replication involese
injection of naked nucleic acid into the host cell.
All of the following pertain to virus eenvelopes EXPECT they
are located between the capsid and nucleic acid.
All the following are correct about polio, EXEPT
The Salk vaccine contains an attenuated (weakened) virus.
Which of the following is NOT a means of drug resistance in bacteria?
development of a superinfection
Rubella is
associated with congenital transmission causing miscarriage, deafness, and mental defects.
Which is incorrect about rabies?
all are correct statements.
When a virus enters a lysogenic phase, it means the
virus is integrated into the DNA of the host cell and is latent.
You are studying an unknown virus that does not perform transciption to make viral proteins. Which of the following characteristics must also be TRUE for this unkown virus?
The virus has a positive, sense-stranded RNA genome.
Which of the following is a correct statement about eukaryotic mRNA?
mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding smallpox as compared to chickenpox?
Chickenpox causes a vesicular rash, whereas smallpox causes a maculopapular rash.
memorize
memorize
memorize
memorize
Which of these numbers correctly expresses a dilution factor?
10^-4
What is the corrrect order of the Gram stain?
crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin
What does the kirby-bauer test assess?
The susceptibility of an organism to a set of abtibiotics
Two plates recently inoculated with B. subtilis are exposed to UV radiation with the lid OFF. Plate A is exposed for 10 seconds, and plate B is exposed for 3 minutes. You should expect
more B. Subtilis growth on plate A than plate B.
Failure to apply safranin in a gram stain would result in
gram-positive bacterium staining purple and G-negative bacteria being colorless
Which of the following lists the types of microbes in order of susceptibility to antiseptics and disinfectants, from the most susceptible to least susceptible?
non-acid-fast bacteria, acid-fast bacteria, encapsulated bacteria, bacterial spores
Which antibiotic is typically administered to patients with MRSA or C. difficile infections?
Vancomycin
Which of the following is least likely to kill endospores?
Pasteurization
If a person who has never been infected with the varicella-zoster virus comes in contact with a person who has shingles, they will come down with
chickenpox
B-lactam drugs inhibit enzymes known as ___, thereby decreasing the crosslinking of peptidoglycan. Clavulanate inhibits enzymes known as ___.
transpeptidases; B-lactamases
Structual genes code for
mRNA and proteins
Which antibiotic is typically NOT administered to pregnant women, nursing mother or children under 8 years of age?
tetracycline
Which of the following is INCORRECT about purines?
purines are only found in DNA, not in RNA.
Which of the following lists microbes or microbial structures in order from hardest to destroy by heat to the easiest to destroy?
bacterial endospores, fungal spores, vegetative bacteria, fungi
In Frederick Griffith’s experiment what most likely explains the recovery of live streptococcus pneumoniae S strain cells from a mouse injected with heat-killed S strain mixed with live R strain cells?
The R strain cells picked up the S strain DNA, enabling it to produce a capsule
The decimal reduction time for a bacterium is 30 minutes upon boiling. Starting with 10^12 bacteria, how many bacteria would remain after 2 hours and 30 minutes of boiling?
10^7
What is an example of a virulence factor that is related to immune system evasion?
capsule
T Helper cells release ___ to activate B Cells
cytokines
Which of the following is NOT a first line of defense
inflammation
Virulence factors include all the following EXEPT
cytokines
Which portal of entry is the MOST commonly used by pathogens
respiratory
Innate immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT
production of antibodies
All of the following can be recognized by toll-like receptors (TLRs) EXCEPT
interferons
The binding of an antibody to an antigen can cause all of the following EXCEPT
clonal expansion
Which of the following lymphoid organs has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the blood?
Spleen
The human body typically begins to be colinized by its normal flora
during and immediately after birth
Which pair is mismatched
Coagulase to dissolve fibrin clots
Shivering is a sign that
body temperature is rising
The slowing, rolling, sticky of leukocytes to blood vessel walls is called ___ whereas the squeezing of leukocytes out of the vessel is called ___
margination…diapedesis
Fever is initiated when circulating substances known as ___ affect the bodies thermostat also known as the bodies ___.
pyrogens;… hypothalmus
Antigen presenting cells
all of the above
all of the following characterize the secondary response to an antigen EXCEPT
it is mostly IGm that are produced
The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called an ___ however if the molecule is too small by itsself to illicite an immune response it is termed an ___
epitope…hapten
Rabbid animals typically salivate excessively in the late stages of the disease this excess salivation
is the result of hydrophobia
Your patient is born without a thymus how would this affect your patient
the patient would not produce mature T lymphocytes
which of the following statements about innate immunity is INCORRECT
innate immunity remembers specific antigens and amplifies response upon later exposure
Your four yo patient recently received a Dtap vaccination providing immunity to diphtheria tetanus and pertussis. If your patient is exposed to pertussis a few weeks later, which of the results would you expect to receive when measuring the patient’s antibody titer?
A sharp increase in IgG
Which of the following events occurs LAST in inflammation?
Macrophages clean up cellular debris and dead neutrophils by phagocytosis
All of the following apply to T cells EXCEPT that they
Coordinate the humoral response by making antibodies
All of the following apply to B cells EXCEPT
Play a critical role in both the cell-mediated and humoral responses
Which T cell is INCORRECTLY matched to its description?
Tc: Attack other T cells during self-tolerance screening
What is the role of B cell receptors and T cell receptors in the immune response?
To recognize specific epitopes of an antigen
CD4 T cell activation occurs through _____ antigen presentation, involving presentation of antigen with _____. On the other hand, CD8 T cell activation occurs through _____ antigen presentation, involving presentation of antigen with _____.
Extracellular; MHC II; intracellular; MHC I
Genetic mutations in the CD8a gene often result in a CD8 T cell deficiency. Which of the following scenarios would be most likely to occur on a patient with such a mutation?
This patient would be less able to respond to viral infections
Both Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella typhi are capable of causing disease in otherwise healthy individuals. The ID of V. cholerae is 1,000,000 cells, while the ID S. typhi is 10,000 cells. Based on this information, which of the following statements is TRUE?
Both V. cholerae and S. typhi are pathogenic, but S. typhi is more infectious than V. cholerae
Which of the following is a distinct advantage of active immunnity over passive immunity
active immunity enables the developement of immunologic memory whereas no memory developes with passive immunity
place the stages of adaptive immunity in the correct order from first to last
1=antigen presentation, lymphocyte activation, lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation, antigen elimination
memorize
memorize
Staphylococcus and micrococcus bacteria, or a gram blank and catalase blank
Positive and positive
Streptococcus and enterococcus bacteria are gram blank in calories blank
Positive and negative
The presence of starch is determined by a blank color, when blank is added
Dark, purple and iodine
Amylase breaks down
Starch
Kovacs reagent is used to detect
Catalase
memorize
Endotoxin is an exogenous pyrogen
True
Most of your immune system is located in the
Spleen
Lymphocytes and macrophages typically destroy pathogens in the
Lymph nodes
Which of the following sites would most likely be free of normal microbiota
Lungs
Hospital staff talk about polymorphonuclear leukocytes they are referring to
Neutrophils
Which of the following is an example of a GALT
Pyers patches
Which molecule causes vasodilation and increased permeability during inflammation
Histamine
What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation
Redness, edema, pain, heat
memorize
It’s possible to get bone fractures from tetanus
True
The higher, the incidence of splenic lymphocyte apoptosis the greater the severity of sepsis
True
In both botulism and tetanus respiratory muscles cannot facilitate breathing, and if left untreated, respiratory failure leads to death
True
Splenic white pulp contains
Leukocytes
Helicobacter chloride is a blank, whereas borrelia burgdorferi is a blank bacterium
Spyro bacillus, and Spyro cheat
Children are more likely to get otitis media in adults because children’s used stationary tubes are
All the above
Severe sepsis can be characterized as all the following, except
Low blood pressure
Violent, coughing, and gasping for air is the blank stage of whooping cough
Proximal
Which of the following is not a recognized form of anthrax
Septic
Fever, headache and stiff neck are typically the initial symptoms of
Meningitis
What is the typical habitat of endospore forming bacteria that are agents of disease?
Soil
Which of the following is not typically a zoo in attic?
Anthrax
Which of the following is not characteristic of tetanus?
Black eschar
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the paucibacillary form of leprosy
Disfiguration and loss of extremities
Which of the following variance factors does not contribute to the spread of necrotizing fasciitis
Urethra, Jenna tocsin
Spastic paralysis is caused by toxin, released from blank, whereas flaccid paralysis is caused by toxin released from blank
Clostridium, tetany and clostridium botulinum
Helicobacter Pouri infection can lead to
Peptic also disease and stomach cancer
Poultry products are likely a source of infection by
Salmonella in Terrica or camped out Dr., July
Which of the following is not true, regarding the different types of plague
All are true about plague
Which of the following can be treated by fecal microbiota transplants
Clostridium Difícil associated diarrhea
Vernon cystic fibrosis patients are most susceptible to infection by
Pseudo Monas, are you getting Asa?
Which of the following organisms cause a type of diarrhea with rice water stools?
Vibrio cholera
Which of the following bacteria would not be treated with penicillin?
Neisseria meningitis
Which of the following is incorrect about Lyme disease?
All the choices are correct
Late stage of sepsis is a blank response due to blank
Hypo, inflammatory, and immune cell apoptosis
Your patient has a foot wound that has developed into a serious necrosis in the recommend treatment has been sessions in the hyperbaric oxygen chamber. The ideology is.
Clostridium perry fringes
The blockage of the passage of air to the lungs, by firing in the tissue are characteristic of blank, whereas the destruction of the mucocele or airy excavator is characteristic of blank
Diphtheria and pertussis
KCS lesions containing inflammatory white blood cells within the lungs are called blank and be found in patients with blank
To Burgos and tuberculosis
You’re a streamer migraines, often develop as a result of what infection
burgdorferi
Cholera symptoms include
All the choices are correct
In E. coli O157:H7, the O refers to its ____ antigen, whereas the H refers to its ____
Cell wall; flagellar
Which is. the correct order of the “sepsis continuum?”
SIRS –> sepsis –> severe sepsis –> septic shock
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding leprosy?
Transmitted by the gastrointestinal route
Gas gangrene may be distinguished from necrotizing fasciitis by the presence of ____ in the affected area of gas gangrene
Gram-positive, endospore-forming bacilli
Which of the following is FALSE about the multibacillary (MB) form of leprosy?
The MB form is more common than the milder PB form
Latent tuberculosis
Results when M. tuberculosis bacteria are phagocytized and walled off within granulomas in the lungs
Your patient starts to develop a macular, maculopapular and petechial rash beginning on his hands and feet and spreading towards his torso. He states that he received a tick bite a few days ago after hiking in the woods. Which of the following. is the most likely diagnosis
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
The nurse is reviewing instructions with a pregnant woman. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further teaching?
“I will eat cheese and lunchmeats to ensure I get enough protein and calcium.”
What infectious agent is of concern from the previous question?
Listeria monocytogenes
You should always perform a Gram stain first when attempting to identify a bacterial unknown.
True
Upon the breakdown of glucose, bacteria will either produce acidic or neutral end-products, but not both
True
Streptococci are catalase _____, whereas staphylococci are catalase _____
Negative: positive
Motility in a SIM agar deep is due to the presence of what bacteria appendage
Flagella
A positive citrate utilization test will turn the median
Blue
Hydrogen, sulfide production can be detected by blank, which turns blank
Iron black
A TSI slant can be used to test for all the following except
Motility
Which of the following is false about indoor production?
It indicates the presence of hemolysins
MacConkey agar and Hektoen enteric agar platese are selective for the growth of ___ bacteria, and differential for ___
Gram-negative; lactose fermenters
Memorize
Inhalation anthrax is the most common and most lethal form of anthrax
True
Pregnant woman should eat sashimi to prevent listeriosis
Falsa
You are more likely to get CA-MRSA than HA-MRSA
true
Which is not a typical symptom of pneumonia
diarrhea
Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of Lyme disease?
persistent cough
Which of the following is a virulence factor of Aerococcus urinae?
its ability to form a biofilm
Which of the following bacteria do NOT cause cellulitis
streptococcus pneumoniae
Swollen lymph nodes are also known as
buboes
Which virulence factor produces blue pus
pyocyanin
Your 10 year old patient is diagnosed with hemolytic uremic syndrome after consumption of undercooked beef. The most likely causative E. coli strain is
all of the above
