Chapter 9 (Microbial Genetics) Flashcards
DNA is _(3)
ds
deoxyribose
A,G,C,T bases
RNA is __(3)
ss
ribose
A.G,C,U
the genome is the __
overall genetic composition
Plasmids can carry genes for __
toxins
Base is always added to the ____ prime carbon
1
A nucleoside has
sugar + base
A necleotide (which is the building blocks to DNA and RNA) has
sugar + base + 1-3 Phosphate
or
ns + 1-3 phosphate
replication starts at the ___ and ends at the ___
origin
termination
Bacteria replicates bidirectional meaning __
it gomes both clockwise and counter when replicating (in a circle)
Eukaryotes are bidirection when they duplicate, but they are ___
linear
There are two types of sugars which are _____. the one with the sole hydrogen is ___
Ribose and deoxyribose
deoxyribose
There are two types of bases which are _____. the first consists of __ and the second consists of ___
purines (A,G… pure silver)
pyrimidines (C,U,T… cut pry??)
In the DNA strucure, it running in opposite directions is called _. Mother DNA runs ___ where daughter DNA runs ___
anti parallel
5 prime to 3 prime
3 prime to 5 prime
out of ATGC, what are the complement pairings?
A=T
G=C(stronger bond?….number of hydrogen bonds?)
Flow of genetic DNA goes from. It is ___ vs conservative and ___
DNA to RNA to Protein
(replication) (transcription)(translation)
semiconservative
bidirectional
What enzyme uncodes DNA before it starts replicating
DNA polymerase
C
D
D
D
D
Constitutive genes are
a fixed rate
Regulated genes are not __
1)Inducible (off ->(inducer(small org. mol.)) on)
2)repressible (on->(repressor(protein)) off)
Operons are
Two or more genes under a single promoter
The central region of an operon… Promoter is __…Operator is ___
1) RNA polymerase binds
2)repressor protein binds
The structural genes of a operon __
code for proteins
Lactose contains
Glucose-Galactose
(Lac operon) Off means that _
Glucose present, lac is absent and repressor binds to O
(Lac operon) on means that _
Glucose absent, lactose present, allolactose (inducer) binds to R so that it’s not bound to operator
Lac Z:
Beta Galactosidase
1) converts lactose -> Allolactose
2) converts lactose -> glucose + galactose
Lac Y:
-Permease
-fxn: brings lactose into cell
Lac A:
Transacetylase
Fxn: we don’t know
Arg Operon + Trip Operon
Arg = arginine ; trp = tryptophan
Excess arg + trp serve as coR that bind to R making it bind to O
Mutation is a
change in DNA sequence
Substitution (point mutation) is _. There are three types which are
a change Int of DNA
1) Silient = delta codon -> same aa
2) missense = delta codon -> different aa
3) nonsese = delta codon -> stop codon
Frameshift is a _. There are two subsets which are _
shift in reading frame
1) insertion = I+nt
2) deetion = I +nt
Mutsgrn is _
a physical, chemical, or biological agent that increases the rate of muation
Carcinogen is a
mutagen that causes cancer
Pre-carcinogen is a
converted by body to become carcinogen
A) 1) repressor
2)Operator
3) repressor
4) Transcription
B) 1)corepressor
2)repressor
3)operator
C
C
1) convert lac into allolactose
2) and convert into glucose and galactose
C
C
Conjugation is in
One direction
Conjugation =
physical contact b/t D t R
by a sex pilus
D: F*, carries the F factor/plasmid F= fertility
R: F-
F+ x F- Mating
D: F+
R: F- -> F+
Hfr x F- Mating
D: Hfr
R: F- -> F- w/ some of D’s chromosomes
Recomb. may occur
- Transformation =
uptake of DNA trum environ
1928 - Fredersek Griffith
2 strains of Streptococcus precimonice
0 5 = smooth, capsule, virulent
R= rough, no capsule, nonvirulent
Transdcuction =
via a virus/phage
D: bact, DNA package into a
(=transducing phage)
R: Recomb. may occur
B
C
A
F
