Final Chapter 9 Flashcards
3 Functions of the digestive system
- Absorb nutrients, 2. Nutrient breakdown (physical + chemical), 3. Eliminate waste
This is the largest salivary gland that produces 30% of total salivary output. Commonly becomes infiltrated with adipose tissue with age and is 100% serous producing.
Parotid gland
What are the 3 products produced by the Parotid gland?
- Salivary amylase/Lipase, 2. Lysozyme, 3. Secretory IgA
This is a smaller gland and produces 60% of the total salivary output. It is a *mixed* gland producing mucus and serous products (80-90%)
Submandibular gland
This is the smallest salivary gland and produces 5% of total salivary output. It is a *mixed* gland (80% mucus) and all serous products come from the serous demilunes.
Sublingual gland
The main function of the ______ is to transfer the bolus to the stomach.
Esophagus
The mucosa of the esophagus contains ______ ______ surface epithelium and ______ cells which are APCs associated with food allergies
Stratified Squamous, Langerhans cells
The lamina propria of the esophagus is composed of (dense/loose) areolar CT. What is the main function of the LP?
*loose* areolar CT– Produce mucus –(can have esophageal cardiac glands)
What 2 regions is the LP of the esophagus located in?
1st inch near the *Pharynx*, Last inch near the *Stomach*
The muscularis mucosa is the disctontinuous layer of ____ ____ muscle in the esophagus. It is (thicker/thinner) proximally and (thicker/thinner) distally).
Longitudinal smooth– Thicker proximally, thinner distally
The subcmucosa of the esophagus is composed of dense fibroelastic CT and contains Esophageal Proper Glands which are what type of glands? What are the 2 main functions?
Seromucus, 1. *Produce* *mucus*, 2. Some serous production (lysozyme/pepsinogen)
What type of muscle is in each region of muscularis externa? Upper 1/3: Middle 1/3: Lower 1/3:
U: all skeletal, M: mixture, L: smooth
In the esophagus, adventitia is located primarily everywhere except where?
last 1-2 inches. It is serosa, (after passing through diaphragm)
There are 2 *physiological* sphincters associated with the Esophagus. The ____ sphincter is between the oropharynx and esophagus. The ____ sphincter is between the esophagus and the stomach.
Pharyngoesophageal sphincter, Gastroesophageal sphincter
What are 2 characteristics for Physiological sphincters?
- No thickening of circular muscle in the muscularis externa, 2. Pressure gradient aids food movement
What are the 2 main functions of the stomach?
- Break down food (chemical/physical), 2. Store food
The mucosa of the lumenal wall of the stomach is composed of ____ ____ surface epithelium.
simple columnar
The ____ ____ cells of the stomach mucosa produce mucus @ a pH of 7 and live about 5-7 days.
Surface mucus cells
The _____ cells of the mucosa replace the surface mucus cells primarily at the bases of pits.
Regenerative cells
Lamina propria in the stomach mucosa is composed of loose, vascular CT in small amounts between ______.
Glands
The muscularis mucosa in the stomach mucosa is a smooth muscle layer arranged what 3 layers?
- inner circular, 2. outer longitudinal, 3. outermost circular (sometimes)
This part of the stomach is highly vascular and is the site of location for the AVA and Meisner’s Plexus
Submucosa
What is the function of the AVA (arterial venous anastomoses) in the submucosa?
shut down mucosal activities (fast)
The Submucosal (Meisner’s) Plexus is next to which mucosal muscular layer? What is its function?
inner circular layer (control secretion & blood flow to mucosa)
There are 3 layers of muscle in the Muscularis Externus in the stomach mucosa. What are they and what two regions of the stomach are they most commonly found?
- innermost oblique (sometimes), 2. middle circular (well developed), 3. outer longitudinal (thin)–between the cardiac region and the greater curvature
The Myenteric (Auerbach’s) Plexus is between what 2 layers of the muscularis mucosa? What is its function?
circular and longitudinal layers (stimulate movement/contraction of the muscularis externa)
T/F Serosa is an edge of squamous cells only found in certain regions
False, it is found all over
This stomach region contains shorter pits which lead to cardiac glands with a coiled base. Primarily composed of surface mucus, neck mucus, and a few DNES & parietal cells.
Cardiac Region *no* chief cells
In the Gastric Region, the gastric glands extend from the ___ ___ to the ____ ____.
extends from gastric pit to muscularis mucosa
Cells of the Gastric Region
surface mucus with few DNES (pH 7), parietal cells + neck mucus cells (pH 5), chief cells + some parietal cells, DNES cells
This area of the gastric gland produces thick mucus
Isthmus (surface mucus and DNES cells)
What are the 3 cell types found in the Neck?
Neck mucus (lubricate), regenerative, parietal
Parietal cells are highly (acidic/basic). They produce a hormone called ____ ____ ____. They also function to absorb ____ ____ in the small intestine.
Acidic, Gastric intrinsic factor, Vitamin B12
Chronic gastritis can lead to pernicious anemia. What is the chain of events that follow?
decrease in parietal cells–> decrease GIF–> decrease Vit. B12 absorption
In the Base, what cells produce pepsinogen to break down proteins and some gastric lipase to break down fats?
Chief cells
This region has deeper pits with very twisted and branched pyloric glands. The cells are very much like the Cardiac Region.
Pyloric Region
The anatomical sphincter between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum.
Pyloric sphincter-1. well developed inner circular layer of muscle in the ME, 2. Inner circular layer in ME can be independently controlled
3 general functions of the Small Intestine
- Digestion, 2. Absorption, 3. Produce intestinal hormones through DNES cells
3 surface adaptions that increase the surface area by a factor of 400 plus.
- Plicae circulares (permanent folds affecting mucosa and submucosa), 2. Villi, 3. Microvilli
What is the surface epithelium cell type in the intestinal mucosa?
simple columnar
These cells contain microvilli and function to absorb water/nutrients and terminal digestion in the glycocalyx
surface absorptive cells
These cells are fewest in the duodenum and most in the ileum
Goblet cells
DNES cell that produces CCK and stimulates gall bladder contraction/pancreas secretion
Type I
DNES cell that produces GIP and inhibits HCl
Type K
DNES cell that produces secretin and stimulates pancreas secretion
Type S
DNES cell that produces vasoactive intestinal peptide and increases peristalsis in intestines
Type VIP
These cells are found in crypts and live about 5 days
Regenerative cells
These cells a long lived (~20 days), are located in the bases of crypts and produce lysozyme
Paneth cells
Lamina Propria in the small intestine is made of ______ ______ CT and is found in the villus core.
loose areolar CT
These are lymphatic capillaries that function to absorb lipids
Lacteals
T/F: The Lamina Propria in the SI contains longitudinal smooth muscle
True–can contract and will shorten villi (decrease surface area)
T/F: Muscularis Mucosa is thin but present in the Lamina Propria of the SI
True–connects smooth muscle in villi
Submucosa in the Small Intestine is made of ____ ____ CT and is very vascular.
dense fibroelastic CT
These are seromucus glands found in the duodenum that produce *alkaline* *mucus* and Urogastrone
Brunner’s glands
what are the 2 functions of Urogastrone?
- Inhibit HCl in stomach, 2. Increase mitosis of epithelial cells
These are large lymph nodules in the Ileum
Peyer’s patches
This plexus has parasympathetic innervation and is close to circular muscle in the ME
Submucosal (Meissner’s) Plexus
This plexus stimulates the ME for peristalsis and is found between the circular and longitudinal layers of muscle in the ME.
Myenteric (Auerbach’s) Plexus
Serosa is in all of the jejunum and ileum and the 1st and last cm of the _______. Adventitia is in the _____ portion of the duodenum.
duodenum (vertical portion of the duodenum)
The ileocecal valved is found between the ____ and ____ of the colon. It is a physiological *and* anatomical sphincter (important).
ileum and caecum
This structure is a blind pouch extending from the cecum.
appendix
The surface epithelium of the appendix mucosa is ____ ____ with surface absorptive cells, goblets, regenerative cells, and DNES cells.
simple columnar
In the mucosa of the appendix, lamina propria is present and the ____ ____ is poorly developed. What are 3 other features of mucosa here?
muscularis mucosa-1. short crypts, 2. no villi, 3. no paneth cells (or very few)
Submucosa in the appendix is a thick layer with large ____ ____. There are numerous, large ____ ____.
blood vessels, lymph nodules
2 functions of the appendix
- Humoral immunity, 2. Reservoir for “good” bacteria (maybe)
3 general functions of the colon
- Absorb water, 2. compact and eliminate waste, 3. Vitamins produced as bacterial by-products
Surface epithelium in the mucosa of the colon is _____ _____ with many goblets and surface absorptive cells, some regenerative cells, and very few DNES cells.
simple columnar
2 key features that the colon lacks in comparison to the rest of the GI tract.
- Villi, 2. Paneth cells
Colon submucosa is typical. Muscularis externus is composed of outer longitudinal muscle gathered into bands called ____ ____ and is discontinuous.
Teniae coli
Constant tonus of teniae coli results in sacculations called _____ _____.
haustra coli
Adventitia is located in the _____ and _____ colons, while serosa is located in the _____ and _____ colons.
Ascending and Descending, Transverse and sigmoid
Fat-filled pouches created by the serosa are called ____ ____.
appendices epiploicae
Insufficient protection from HCl and pepsin causing damage to the mucus coat is a common cause of this disease? What bacteria can be responsible?
Peptic ulcer disease, Helicobacter pylori (can repair in 1-2 months of acidity is decreased)
5 factors that delay healing of PUD.
- Smoking, 2. Drinking, 3. Caffeine (gastrin), 4. Calcium, 5. Aspirin - (stress and spicy food can aggravate but is not a cause)
This pathology is caused by stomach chyme backing up into the lower esophagus
Gastroesophageal (Esophageal) Reflux
5 possible causes of gastroesophageal refulx:
- chronic gastritis, 2. hiatal hernia, 3. pregnancy, 4. incompetent lower esophageal sphincter, 5. subluxations (myenteric plexus issues)
What are some ways to reduce reflux? What are some problem foods?
keep a food diary, limit portion sizes, not eating before bed (3 hrs)-spicy, acidic, fatty foods/drinks and alcohol
This is a common name for when the stratified squamous epithelium is replaced by mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium in the distal esophagus. This is metaplasia due to a chronic problem.
Barrett’s Esophagus
