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organ histology > Final Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Final Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

3 Functions of the digestive system

A
  1. Absorb nutrients, 2. Nutrient breakdown (physical + chemical), 3. Eliminate waste
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2
Q

This is the largest salivary gland that produces 30% of total salivary output. Commonly becomes infiltrated with adipose tissue with age and is 100% serous producing.

A

Parotid gland

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3
Q

What are the 3 products produced by the Parotid gland?

A
  1. Salivary amylase/Lipase, 2. Lysozyme, 3. Secretory IgA
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4
Q

This is a smaller gland and produces 60% of the total salivary output. It is a *mixed* gland producing mucus and serous products (80-90%)

A

Submandibular gland

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5
Q

This is the smallest salivary gland and produces 5% of total salivary output. It is a *mixed* gland (80% mucus) and all serous products come from the serous demilunes.

A

Sublingual gland

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6
Q

The main function of the ______ is to transfer the bolus to the stomach.

A

Esophagus

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7
Q

The mucosa of the esophagus contains ______ ______ surface epithelium and ______ cells which are APCs associated with food allergies

A

Stratified Squamous, Langerhans cells

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8
Q

The lamina propria of the esophagus is composed of (dense/loose) areolar CT. What is the main function of the LP?

A

*loose* areolar CT– Produce mucus –(can have esophageal cardiac glands)

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9
Q

What 2 regions is the LP of the esophagus located in?

A

1st inch near the *Pharynx*, Last inch near the *Stomach*

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10
Q

The muscularis mucosa is the disctontinuous layer of ____ ____ muscle in the esophagus. It is (thicker/thinner) proximally and (thicker/thinner) distally).

A

Longitudinal smooth– Thicker proximally, thinner distally

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11
Q

The subcmucosa of the esophagus is composed of dense fibroelastic CT and contains Esophageal Proper Glands which are what type of glands? What are the 2 main functions?

A

Seromucus, 1. *Produce* *mucus*, 2. Some serous production (lysozyme/pepsinogen)

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12
Q

What type of muscle is in each region of muscularis externa? Upper 1/3: Middle 1/3: Lower 1/3:

A

U: all skeletal, M: mixture, L: smooth

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13
Q

In the esophagus, adventitia is located primarily everywhere except where?

A

last 1-2 inches. It is serosa, (after passing through diaphragm)

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14
Q

There are 2 *physiological* sphincters associated with the Esophagus. The ____ sphincter is between the oropharynx and esophagus. The ____ sphincter is between the esophagus and the stomach.

A

Pharyngoesophageal sphincter, Gastroesophageal sphincter

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15
Q

What are 2 characteristics for Physiological sphincters?

A
  1. No thickening of circular muscle in the muscularis externa, 2. Pressure gradient aids food movement
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16
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the stomach?

A
  1. Break down food (chemical/physical), 2. Store food
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17
Q

The mucosa of the lumenal wall of the stomach is composed of ____ ____ surface epithelium.

A

simple columnar

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18
Q

The ____ ____ cells of the stomach mucosa produce mucus @ a pH of 7 and live about 5-7 days.

A

Surface mucus cells

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19
Q

The _____ cells of the mucosa replace the surface mucus cells primarily at the bases of pits.

A

Regenerative cells

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20
Q

Lamina propria in the stomach mucosa is composed of loose, vascular CT in small amounts between ______.

A

Glands

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21
Q

The muscularis mucosa in the stomach mucosa is a smooth muscle layer arranged what 3 layers?

A
  1. inner circular, 2. outer longitudinal, 3. outermost circular (sometimes)
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22
Q

This part of the stomach is highly vascular and is the site of location for the AVA and Meisner’s Plexus

A

Submucosa

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23
Q

What is the function of the AVA (arterial venous anastomoses) in the submucosa?

A

shut down mucosal activities (fast)

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24
Q

The Submucosal (Meisner’s) Plexus is next to which mucosal muscular layer? What is its function?

A

inner circular layer (control secretion & blood flow to mucosa)

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25
Q

There are 3 layers of muscle in the Muscularis Externus in the stomach mucosa. What are they and what two regions of the stomach are they most commonly found?

A
  1. innermost oblique (sometimes), 2. middle circular (well developed), 3. outer longitudinal (thin)–between the cardiac region and the greater curvature
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26
Q

The Myenteric (Auerbach’s) Plexus is between what 2 layers of the muscularis mucosa? What is its function?

A

circular and longitudinal layers (stimulate movement/contraction of the muscularis externa)

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27
Q

T/F Serosa is an edge of squamous cells only found in certain regions

A

False, it is found all over

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28
Q

This stomach region contains shorter pits which lead to cardiac glands with a coiled base. Primarily composed of surface mucus, neck mucus, and a few DNES & parietal cells.

A

Cardiac Region *no* chief cells

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29
Q

In the Gastric Region, the gastric glands extend from the ___ ___ to the ____ ____.

A

extends from gastric pit to muscularis mucosa

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30
Q

Cells of the Gastric Region

A

surface mucus with few DNES (pH 7), parietal cells + neck mucus cells (pH 5), chief cells + some parietal cells, DNES cells

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31
Q

This area of the gastric gland produces thick mucus

A

Isthmus (surface mucus and DNES cells)

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32
Q

What are the 3 cell types found in the Neck?

A

Neck mucus (lubricate), regenerative, parietal

33
Q

Parietal cells are highly (acidic/basic). They produce a hormone called ____ ____ ____. They also function to absorb ____ ____ in the small intestine.

A

Acidic, Gastric intrinsic factor, Vitamin B12

34
Q

Chronic gastritis can lead to pernicious anemia. What is the chain of events that follow?

A

decrease in parietal cells–> decrease GIF–> decrease Vit. B12 absorption

35
Q

In the Base, what cells produce pepsinogen to break down proteins and some gastric lipase to break down fats?

A

Chief cells

36
Q

This region has deeper pits with very twisted and branched pyloric glands. The cells are very much like the Cardiac Region.

A

Pyloric Region

37
Q

The anatomical sphincter between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum.

A

Pyloric sphincter-1. well developed inner circular layer of muscle in the ME, 2. Inner circular layer in ME can be independently controlled

38
Q

3 general functions of the Small Intestine

A
  1. Digestion, 2. Absorption, 3. Produce intestinal hormones through DNES cells
39
Q

3 surface adaptions that increase the surface area by a factor of 400 plus.

A
  1. Plicae circulares (permanent folds affecting mucosa and submucosa), 2. Villi, 3. Microvilli
40
Q

What is the surface epithelium cell type in the intestinal mucosa?

A

simple columnar

41
Q

These cells contain microvilli and function to absorb water/nutrients and terminal digestion in the glycocalyx

A

surface absorptive cells

42
Q

These cells are fewest in the duodenum and most in the ileum

A

Goblet cells

43
Q

DNES cell that produces CCK and stimulates gall bladder contraction/pancreas secretion

A

Type I

44
Q

DNES cell that produces GIP and inhibits HCl

A

Type K

45
Q

DNES cell that produces secretin and stimulates pancreas secretion

A

Type S

46
Q

DNES cell that produces vasoactive intestinal peptide and increases peristalsis in intestines

A

Type VIP

47
Q

These cells are found in crypts and live about 5 days

A

Regenerative cells

48
Q

These cells a long lived (~20 days), are located in the bases of crypts and produce lysozyme

A

Paneth cells

49
Q

Lamina Propria in the small intestine is made of ______ ______ CT and is found in the villus core.

A

loose areolar CT

50
Q

These are lymphatic capillaries that function to absorb lipids

A

Lacteals

51
Q

T/F: The Lamina Propria in the SI contains longitudinal smooth muscle

A

True–can contract and will shorten villi (decrease surface area)

52
Q

T/F: Muscularis Mucosa is thin but present in the Lamina Propria of the SI

A

True–connects smooth muscle in villi

53
Q

Submucosa in the Small Intestine is made of ____ ____ CT and is very vascular.

A

dense fibroelastic CT

54
Q

These are seromucus glands found in the duodenum that produce *alkaline* *mucus* and Urogastrone

A

Brunner’s glands

55
Q

what are the 2 functions of Urogastrone?

A
  1. Inhibit HCl in stomach, 2. Increase mitosis of epithelial cells
56
Q

These are large lymph nodules in the Ileum

A

Peyer’s patches

57
Q

This plexus has parasympathetic innervation and is close to circular muscle in the ME

A

Submucosal (Meissner’s) Plexus

58
Q

This plexus stimulates the ME for peristalsis and is found between the circular and longitudinal layers of muscle in the ME.

A

Myenteric (Auerbach’s) Plexus

59
Q

Serosa is in all of the jejunum and ileum and the 1st and last cm of the _______. Adventitia is in the _____ portion of the duodenum.

A

duodenum (vertical portion of the duodenum)

60
Q

The ileocecal valved is found between the ____ and ____ of the colon. It is a physiological *and* anatomical sphincter (important).

A

ileum and caecum

61
Q

This structure is a blind pouch extending from the cecum.

A

appendix

62
Q

The surface epithelium of the appendix mucosa is ____ ____ with surface absorptive cells, goblets, regenerative cells, and DNES cells.

A

simple columnar

63
Q

In the mucosa of the appendix, lamina propria is present and the ____ ____ is poorly developed. What are 3 other features of mucosa here?

A

muscularis mucosa-1. short crypts, 2. no villi, 3. no paneth cells (or very few)

64
Q

Submucosa in the appendix is a thick layer with large ____ ____. There are numerous, large ____ ____.

A

blood vessels, lymph nodules

65
Q

2 functions of the appendix

A
  1. Humoral immunity, 2. Reservoir for “good” bacteria (maybe)
66
Q

3 general functions of the colon

A
  1. Absorb water, 2. compact and eliminate waste, 3. Vitamins produced as bacterial by-products
67
Q

Surface epithelium in the mucosa of the colon is _____ _____ with many goblets and surface absorptive cells, some regenerative cells, and very few DNES cells.

A

simple columnar

68
Q

2 key features that the colon lacks in comparison to the rest of the GI tract.

A
  1. Villi, 2. Paneth cells
69
Q

Colon submucosa is typical. Muscularis externus is composed of outer longitudinal muscle gathered into bands called ____ ____ and is discontinuous.

A

Teniae coli

70
Q

Constant tonus of teniae coli results in sacculations called _____ _____.

A

haustra coli

71
Q

Adventitia is located in the _____ and _____ colons, while serosa is located in the _____ and _____ colons.

A

Ascending and Descending, Transverse and sigmoid

72
Q

Fat-filled pouches created by the serosa are called ____ ____.

A

appendices epiploicae

73
Q

Insufficient protection from HCl and pepsin causing damage to the mucus coat is a common cause of this disease? What bacteria can be responsible?

A

Peptic ulcer disease, Helicobacter pylori (can repair in 1-2 months of acidity is decreased)

74
Q

5 factors that delay healing of PUD.

A
  1. Smoking, 2. Drinking, 3. Caffeine (gastrin), 4. Calcium, 5. Aspirin - (stress and spicy food can aggravate but is not a cause)
75
Q

This pathology is caused by stomach chyme backing up into the lower esophagus

A

Gastroesophageal (Esophageal) Reflux

76
Q

5 possible causes of gastroesophageal refulx:

A
  1. chronic gastritis, 2. hiatal hernia, 3. pregnancy, 4. incompetent lower esophageal sphincter, 5. subluxations (myenteric plexus issues)
77
Q

What are some ways to reduce reflux? What are some problem foods?

A

keep a food diary, limit portion sizes, not eating before bed (3 hrs)-spicy, acidic, fatty foods/drinks and alcohol

78
Q

This is a common name for when the stratified squamous epithelium is replaced by mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium in the distal esophagus. This is metaplasia due to a chronic problem.

A

Barrett’s Esophagus

organ histology (12 decks)

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