Final Chapter 7 Flashcards
Elastic arteries are also called what? What are some examples of elastic arteries?
Conducting arteries
aorta, common iliacs, carotid, brachiocephalics, subclavian
Tunica intima is a continuation of _______.
Tunica media is a continuation of _______.
Tunica adventitia is a continuation of ______.
(heart histological layers)
Intima = Endocardium Media = Myocardium Adventitia = Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
This blood vessel layer’s endothelium often has rounded nuclei with thicker CT below the epithelium. It consists mostly of fibroblasts, collagen I, and some smooth muscle cells.
Tunica intima
thin internal elastic lamina possible
This is the thickest blood vessel layer. It is primarily composed of fenestrated sheets of elastic laminae. A thin external elastic lamina is present, and vasa vasorum is common in the outer region of this layer.
Tunica media
This blood vessel layer is made of loose fibroelastic CT with a vasa vasorum likely present.
Tunica adventitia
Muscular arteries are also called what? What are some examples of muscular arteries?
Distributing arteries
brachial, radial, renal, femoral
This muscular artery layer is the thinnest layer. There is some CT with a few smooth muscle cells.
Tunica intima
thin internal elastic lamina possible
This muscular artery layer is the thickest layer primarily made of circular smooth muscle with gap junctions between. Made up of elastic/reticular fibers and chondroitin sulfate, the external elastic lamina is possible.
Tunica media
Which layer is richly innervated with sympathetics and elicits a strong contraction over a small area with good control over lumen size?
Tunica media
This muscular artery layer is made of fibroelastic CT with sulfated GAGs and fibroblasts. Here, the vasa vasorum is an area of small ____ ____ and functions to supply ____ & ____ to the larger surrounding area.
Tunica adventita
Vasa vasorum: small blood vessels supplying nutrients and oxygen
An arteriole is classified as having a lumen size = to wall (length/width)?
lumen size = to wall width
Arteriole layers have similar structure to which other areas?
Muscular arteries
In aging, these grow in width until about 25 years of age due to an increased # of elastic laminae in the tunica media.
Elastic arteries
These structures begin to have an increase of collagen I, proteoglycans, and sulfated GAGs in middle aged individuals which (increases/decreases?) flexibility. _____ vessels are greatly affected.
Muscular arteries, decreases flexibility
Coronary vessels are greatly affected
Around 50 years old, elastic fibers begin to break down and are replaced by collagen I. What condition is this associated with? An increase of (systolic/diastolic?) blood pressure is seen.
Hypertension
Systolic blood pressure increases
This condition is commonly known as
“hardening of the arteries”. It is primarily in the (large/small?) arteries. Which layer becomes infiltrated with soft lipids causing the lumen diameter to decrease?
Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis
Tunica intima becomes infiltrated with soft lipids
In Arterioslcerosis, what other layer can also be affected by an accumulation of collagen I and sulfated GAGs?
Tunica media
In atherosclerosis, what degenerative changes occur in the tunica intima? These changes cause a(n) (increase/decrease?) width therefore a(n) (increase/decrease?) in lumen size
accumulation of macrophages, platelets, smooth muscle cells and lipids (foam cells)
Increase in tunica intima width therefore a decrease in lumen size
This “overflow prevention system” is preceded by a sphincter and is found in all capillary beds but with a wider lumen. There is a spiral of smooth muscle on the outside of the vessel.
Metarterioles
This is a “bypass system” with a wide lumen and thicker than the tunica media. This is not found everywhere but is in the skin and stomach.
AVA = arteriovenous anastomosis = AV shunt
4 things that blood flow into capillaries is influenced by
- Metarterioles
- AVA’s (some)
- Pre-capillary sphincters
- Lumen size of terminal arterioles
Capillaries are a ____ layer of flattened ____ cells.
single layer of flattened endothelial cells
Which structures of capillaries function to move large molecules through the cytoplasm (hormones, allergens, proteins)?
Pinocytotic vesicles
The cell junctions between endothelial cells are known as ____ ____. They function to move large molecules and allow for easy cell movement.
Fasciae occludens (spotty)
What is the most common type of capillary? Where are they found?
Continuous capillary
found mostly everywhere
This is an important cell type of the continuous capillary considered to be a residual mesenchyme cell. They are very numerous, can be secretory, and are part of the basement membrane. Pericytes
Pericytes
T/F: Pericytes are able to divide into smooth muscle, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts?
True
What are the 2 main functions of Pericytes?
Healing
Blood flow regulation
This capillary cell type is located in the zonula occludens in the CNS. They are influenced by astrocytes.
Modified continuous capillary
_______ capillaries are located in the pancreas, intestines, and endocrine organs. They contain pores with a thin protein diaphragm containing eight fibrils
Fenestrated capillaries
What is the function of fenestrated capillaries?
Allow greater movement of molecules and cells
______ capillaries are located in bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymphatic organs, and certain endocrine organs. They have an enlarged diameter with no protein diaphragms. (many fenestrae)
Sinusoidal capillaries
What is the function of sinusoidal capillaries?
Enhanced exchange between blood and tissues
What main structures of the circulatory system are not as uniform as arteries, there is a greater number throughout the body, and are often larger.
Veins
T/F: Veins only have 2 tunica structures
False, have all 3 just like arteries
Vein valves have 2 flaps of tunica _____ with extra _______ CT.
2 flaps of tunica intima with extra fibroelastic CT.
Vein valves function to prevent ______ to protect the capillaries. They also work with _____ muscle to keep blood moving.
prevent backflow
work with skeletal muscle to move blood
What features do we focus on when determining venule type? Tunics or diameter?
Tunics
Name the venule type from the following info:
Tunica intima: Endothelium, some CT, many pericytes
Tunica media: none
Tunica adventitia: none
Post-capillary Venules
Name the venule type from the following info:
Tunica intima: Endothelium + CT
Tunica media: none
Tunica adventitia: CT, fibroblasts + some pericytes
Collecting Venules
Name the venule type from the following info:
Tunica intima: Endothelium + CT
Tunic media: Incomplete smooth muscle layer
Tunica adventitia: Present w/ few pericytes outside
Muscular Venules
Products of inflammation affect the walls without a complete tunica _____. Thus, products of iflammation can reach endothelial cells in the tunica _____ to loosen their junctions.
Tunica Media
Tunica Intima
Small veins are similar to venules, but have a complete tunica _____.
Tunica Media
What is the thickest/most dominant lumenal wall layer in Medium/Large veins?
Tunica adventitia
Name the vein type from the following info:
Tunica intima: endothelium, basal lamina, CT with reticular fibers, sometimes elastic
Tunica media: smooth muscle, collagen, fibroblasts
Tunica adventitia: CT with collagen and elastic fibers and a few smooth muscle cells
Medium Veins
Name the vein type from the following info:
Tunica intima: thicker CT with fibroblasts and elastic fiber network (similar to medium)
Tunica media: complete but thin
Tunica adventitia: Much fibroelastic CT and vasa vasorum
Large Veins
Unlike other veins, superficial veins of legs and pulmonary veins have well developed tunica ______.
Tunica Media
In pulmonary veins and vena cava, you will see some cardiac muscle in the tunica ______. In the inferior vena cava, what type of muscle will be found in the tunica adventitia?
Tunica adventitia
Longitudinal smooth muscle
Enlarged and winding superficial veins in the legs are called what? What are some possible causes?
Varicose veins
Loss of skeletal muscle tone, valve incompetence, degeneration of vein wall (tunics)
Esophageal varices are varicose veins in the (upper/lower?) esophagus. What are some causes?
Lower esophagus
Alcoholism, portal hypertension
Varicose veins at the end of the anal canal are called what?
Hemorrhoids
This pathology with unknown etiology is associated with abnormal nerve control over tunica media in arteries and a nerve sensitivity to cold temperatures
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Lymphatic ducts empty into venous system at junction of what 2 structures?
Right internal jugular vein and subclavian veins
includes right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
