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organ histology > Final Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Final Chapter 7 Flashcards

0
Q

Elastic arteries are also called what? What are some examples of elastic arteries?

A

Conducting arteries

aorta, common iliacs, carotid, brachiocephalics, subclavian

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1
Q

Tunica intima is a continuation of _______.
Tunica media is a continuation of _______.
Tunica adventitia is a continuation of ______.
(heart histological layers)

A 
Intima = Endocardium
Media = Myocardium
Adventitia = Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
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2
Q

This blood vessel layer’s endothelium often has rounded nuclei with thicker CT below the epithelium. It consists mostly of fibroblasts, collagen I, and some smooth muscle cells.

A

Tunica intima

thin internal elastic lamina possible

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3
Q

This is the thickest blood vessel layer. It is primarily composed of fenestrated sheets of elastic laminae. A thin external elastic lamina is present, and vasa vasorum is common in the outer region of this layer.

A

Tunica media

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4
Q

This blood vessel layer is made of loose fibroelastic CT with a vasa vasorum likely present.

A

Tunica adventitia

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5
Q

Muscular arteries are also called what? What are some examples of muscular arteries?

A

Distributing arteries

brachial, radial, renal, femoral

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6
Q

This muscular artery layer is the thinnest layer. There is some CT with a few smooth muscle cells.

A

Tunica intima

thin internal elastic lamina possible

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7
Q

This muscular artery layer is the thickest layer primarily made of circular smooth muscle with gap junctions between. Made up of elastic/reticular fibers and chondroitin sulfate, the external elastic lamina is possible.

A

Tunica media

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8
Q

Which layer is richly innervated with sympathetics and elicits a strong contraction over a small area with good control over lumen size?

A

Tunica media

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9
Q

This muscular artery layer is made of fibroelastic CT with sulfated GAGs and fibroblasts. Here, the vasa vasorum is an area of small ____ ____ and functions to supply ____ & ____ to the larger surrounding area.

A

Tunica adventita

Vasa vasorum: small blood vessels supplying nutrients and oxygen

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10
Q

An arteriole is classified as having a lumen size = to wall (length/width)?

A

lumen size = to wall width

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11
Q

Arteriole layers have similar structure to which other areas?

A

Muscular arteries

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12
Q

In aging, these grow in width until about 25 years of age due to an increased # of elastic laminae in the tunica media.

A

Elastic arteries

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13
Q

These structures begin to have an increase of collagen I, proteoglycans, and sulfated GAGs in middle aged individuals which (increases/decreases?) flexibility. _____ vessels are greatly affected.

A

Muscular arteries, decreases flexibility

Coronary vessels are greatly affected

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14
Q

Around 50 years old, elastic fibers begin to break down and are replaced by collagen I. What condition is this associated with? An increase of (systolic/diastolic?) blood pressure is seen.

A

Hypertension

Systolic blood pressure increases

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15
Q

This condition is commonly known as
“hardening of the arteries”. It is primarily in the (large/small?) arteries. Which layer becomes infiltrated with soft lipids causing the lumen diameter to decrease?

A

Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis

Tunica intima becomes infiltrated with soft lipids

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16
Q

In Arterioslcerosis, what other layer can also be affected by an accumulation of collagen I and sulfated GAGs?

A

Tunica media

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17
Q

In atherosclerosis, what degenerative changes occur in the tunica intima? These changes cause a(n) (increase/decrease?) width therefore a(n) (increase/decrease?) in lumen size

A

accumulation of macrophages, platelets, smooth muscle cells and lipids (foam cells)

Increase in tunica intima width therefore a decrease in lumen size

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18
Q

This “overflow prevention system” is preceded by a sphincter and is found in all capillary beds but with a wider lumen. There is a spiral of smooth muscle on the outside of the vessel.

A

Metarterioles

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19
Q

This is a “bypass system” with a wide lumen and thicker than the tunica media. This is not found everywhere but is in the skin and stomach.

A

AVA = arteriovenous anastomosis = AV shunt

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20
Q

4 things that blood flow into capillaries is influenced by

A
  1. Metarterioles
  2. AVA’s (some)
  3. Pre-capillary sphincters
  4. Lumen size of terminal arterioles
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21
Q

Capillaries are a ____ layer of flattened ____ cells.

A

single layer of flattened endothelial cells

22
Q

Which structures of capillaries function to move large molecules through the cytoplasm (hormones, allergens, proteins)?

A

Pinocytotic vesicles

23
Q

The cell junctions between endothelial cells are known as ____ ____. They function to move large molecules and allow for easy cell movement.

A

Fasciae occludens (spotty)

24
Q

What is the most common type of capillary? Where are they found?

A

Continuous capillary

found mostly everywhere

25
Q

This is an important cell type of the continuous capillary considered to be a residual mesenchyme cell. They are very numerous, can be secretory, and are part of the basement membrane. Pericytes

A

Pericytes

26
Q

T/F: Pericytes are able to divide into smooth muscle, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts?

A

True

27
Q

What are the 2 main functions of Pericytes?

A

Healing

Blood flow regulation

28
Q

This capillary cell type is located in the zonula occludens in the CNS. They are influenced by astrocytes.

A

Modified continuous capillary

29
Q

_______ capillaries are located in the pancreas, intestines, and endocrine organs. They contain pores with a thin protein diaphragm containing eight fibrils

A

Fenestrated capillaries

30
Q

What is the function of fenestrated capillaries?

A

Allow greater movement of molecules and cells

31
Q

______ capillaries are located in bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymphatic organs, and certain endocrine organs. They have an enlarged diameter with no protein diaphragms. (many fenestrae)

A

Sinusoidal capillaries

32
Q

What is the function of sinusoidal capillaries?

A

Enhanced exchange between blood and tissues

33
Q

What main structures of the circulatory system are not as uniform as arteries, there is a greater number throughout the body, and are often larger.

A

Veins

34
Q

T/F: Veins only have 2 tunica structures

A

False, have all 3 just like arteries

35
Q

Vein valves have 2 flaps of tunica _____ with extra _______ CT.

A

2 flaps of tunica intima with extra fibroelastic CT.

36
Q

Vein valves function to prevent ______ to protect the capillaries. They also work with _____ muscle to keep blood moving.

A

prevent backflow

work with skeletal muscle to move blood

37
Q

What features do we focus on when determining venule type? Tunics or diameter?

A

Tunics

38
Q

Name the venule type from the following info:
Tunica intima: Endothelium, some CT, many pericytes
Tunica media: none
Tunica adventitia: none

A

Post-capillary Venules

39
Q

Name the venule type from the following info:
Tunica intima: Endothelium + CT
Tunica media: none
Tunica adventitia: CT, fibroblasts + some pericytes

A

Collecting Venules

40
Q

Name the venule type from the following info:
Tunica intima: Endothelium + CT
Tunic media: Incomplete smooth muscle layer
Tunica adventitia: Present w/ few pericytes outside

A

Muscular Venules

41
Q

Products of inflammation affect the walls without a complete tunica _____. Thus, products of iflammation can reach endothelial cells in the tunica _____ to loosen their junctions.

A

Tunica Media

Tunica Intima

42
Q

Small veins are similar to venules, but have a complete tunica _____.

A

Tunica Media

43
Q

What is the thickest/most dominant lumenal wall layer in Medium/Large veins?

A

Tunica adventitia

44
Q

Name the vein type from the following info:
Tunica intima: endothelium, basal lamina, CT with reticular fibers, sometimes elastic
Tunica media: smooth muscle, collagen, fibroblasts
Tunica adventitia: CT with collagen and elastic fibers and a few smooth muscle cells

A

Medium Veins

45
Q

Name the vein type from the following info:
Tunica intima: thicker CT with fibroblasts and elastic fiber network (similar to medium)
Tunica media: complete but thin
Tunica adventitia: Much fibroelastic CT and vasa vasorum

A

Large Veins

46
Q

Unlike other veins, superficial veins of legs and pulmonary veins have well developed tunica ______.

A

Tunica Media

47
Q

In pulmonary veins and vena cava, you will see some cardiac muscle in the tunica ______. In the inferior vena cava, what type of muscle will be found in the tunica adventitia?

A

Tunica adventitia

Longitudinal smooth muscle

48
Q

Enlarged and winding superficial veins in the legs are called what? What are some possible causes?

A

Varicose veins

Loss of skeletal muscle tone, valve incompetence, degeneration of vein wall (tunics)

49
Q

Esophageal varices are varicose veins in the (upper/lower?) esophagus. What are some causes?

A

Lower esophagus

Alcoholism, portal hypertension

50
Q

Varicose veins at the end of the anal canal are called what?

A

Hemorrhoids

51
Q

This pathology with unknown etiology is associated with abnormal nerve control over tunica media in arteries and a nerve sensitivity to cold temperatures

A

Raynaud’s Phenomenon

52
Q

Lymphatic ducts empty into venous system at junction of what 2 structures?

A

Right internal jugular vein and subclavian veins

includes right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

organ histology (12 decks)

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