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organ histology > Final Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Final Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

5 functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. O2 + CO2 exchange (respiratory portion), 2. Conditions/cleans/filters air, 3. Phonation, 4. Provide defense, 5. Olfaction (2-5=conducting portion)
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2
Q

The filtration system is a ____ tiered system

A

3 tiered system (Large, medium, and small particle filter)

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3
Q

Air first enters the ______ in the nasal cavity (Conducting portion).

A

Vestibule

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4
Q

Surface epithelium in the vestibule is ________ stratified squamous. What cartilage type is used for support?

A

*keratinized* stratified squamous, *hyaline* cartilage

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5
Q

Two main types of glands in the nasal vestibule

A

Sebaceous and sweat glands

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6
Q

The large particle filter in the vestibule is called what?

A

Vibrissae (nose hair)

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7
Q

4 Functions of respiratory region

A
  1. Warm air, 2. Filter air, 3. Humidify air, 4. Provide defense
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8
Q

In the surface epithelium there are 3 basic cell types. What are they?

A

Basal cells, Goblet cells, Ciliated columnar

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9
Q

What structure is composed of ciliated columnar & goblet cells and functions as a “medium” filter for dust & pollen?

A

Mucociliary apparatus

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10
Q

In the respiratory region, what major layer are glands found in? What type of glands are they?

A

Lamina propria (Seromucus glands)

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11
Q

The mucus portion of Seromucus glands contributes mucus for what 2 reasons?

A
  1. Mucociliary clearance, 2. Humidify the air
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12
Q

What 3 serous products are produced?

A
  1. Lysozyme (antibacterial), 2. Interferons (antiviral), 3. Cytokines (stimulate defense cells)
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13
Q

This partially filled structure with many large venules is also in the lamina propria. It functions to warm/humidify the air and provide defense, specifically with *inflammation*. What 2 side effects are seen with inflammation here?

A

Cavernous plexus –Increase in blood flow/inflammation: 1. Stuffy nose (LP size increases, lumen size decreases), 2. Runny nose (increase in seromucus production)

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14
Q

Paranasal sinuses are a continuation of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity, therefore what type of epithelium is found here? The lamina propria (thin/thick?) and is (vascular/avascular?)

A

Respiratory epithelium, Thin, vascular

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15
Q

One possible problem in the paranasal sinuses is that the lamina propria swells causing the _____ to become blocked. This creates a very habitable environment for infection to thrive.

A

Ostia

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16
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the Pharynx?

A
  1. Nasopharynx, 2. Oropharynx, 3. Laryngopharynx
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17
Q

In the mucosa, which subdivision is composed of respiratory epithelium with mucociliary clearance?

A

Nasopharynx

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18
Q

In the mucosa, which 2 subdivisions are composed of stratified squamous cells?

A

Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx

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19
Q

In the mucosa, the lamina propria is typically (loose/dense?) CT? Pharyngeal and tubal *tonsils* are found in which subdivision?

A

Loose CT (Nasopharynx)

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20
Q

Palatine and lingual tonsils are found in which subdivision?

A

Oropharynx

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21
Q

T/F: The laryngopharynx contains *all* types of tonsils.

A

False, no tonsils present

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22
Q

T/F: Muscularis Mucosa is absent in the mucosa

A

TRUE

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23
Q

The submucosa contains ____________ fascia. Here, collagen type I in the periosteum comes off the basilar portion of the occiput and blends into the submucosa of the pharynx. What is its function?

A

Pharyngobasilar fascia (Support the wall of the pharynx)

24
Q

Unlike other similar regions, this area of the pharynx contains all skeletal muscle with a *reversed* pattern of inner longitudinal and outer circular layers.

A

Muscularis Externa

25
Q

What 2 organs is the reversed muscle pattern seen?

A

*Ureters* *PHARYNX Muscularis extern

26
Q

This layer of the pharynx contains *buccopharyngeal* fascia.

A

Adventitia

27
Q

This layer of the trachea is composed of 30% each of Goblet, Sustentacular, and Basal cells. The remaining cells are Brush, Serous, and DNES cells.

A

Mucosa (respiratory epithelium)

28
Q

What are DNES (Kulchitsky) cells?

A

Diffuse Neuro Endocrine System –Secrete in LP–likely influence other resp. cells

29
Q

T/F: in the mucosa of the trachea, the Lamina Propria is composed of loose CT, seromucus glands and is vascular

A

TRUE

30
Q

T/F: in the tracheal mucosa, there is a very well defined muscularis mucosa.

A

False, it is absent

31
Q

In the Trachea, the submucosa contains a ______ cartilage “C-ring”

A

hyaline

32
Q

In the Trachea, the muscularis externus contains the _______ muscle. It connects each end of the hyaline cartilage c-ring.

A

Trachealis

33
Q

The CT on the outside of the trachea is the _______.

A

Adventitia

34
Q

The _______ bronchi (smaller division) is most similar to the trachea

A

Extrapulmonary (includes primary)

35
Q

In Extrapulmonary bronchi, what 4 things will decrease?

A
  1. Amount of cartilage, 2. # of glands, 3. # of goblet cells, 4. Height of epithelium
36
Q

In Extrapulmonary bronchi, what 2 things will increase?

A
  1. Smooth muscle, 2. Elastic CT
37
Q

The ______ bronchi includes secondary and tertiary bronchi, with similar increasing/decreasing trends as Extrapulmonary bronchi.

A

Intrapulmonary bronchi

38
Q

This subdivision is characterized by a size of <1mm, contains *no* cartilage or seromucus glands and has a complete smooth muscle layer.

A

Bronchioles

39
Q

Bronchioles contain ______ epithelium that decrease in height and _____ cells with short microvilli.

A

Simple epithelium - *Clara* *cells* (found *only* in bronchioles) TQ

40
Q

Clara cells may produce a ______-like material.

A

surfactant

41
Q

The last part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system are the ______ bronchioles.

A

Terminal

42
Q

Terminal bronchiole epithelium is composed of ______ ______ cells with Clara cells. The LP is composed of ______ CT and 1-2 layers of ______ muscle.

A

Simple Cuboidal, Fibroelastic, Smooth

43
Q

The first region of the respiratory system is called what?

A

Respiratory Bronchioles

44
Q

What 3 structures are involved with gas exchange?

A

Alveolar ducts, Alveolar sacs, Alveoli (All with same structure as alveoli)

45
Q

This alveolar type is 95% of the alveolar surface with tight junctions between cells.

A

Alveolar Type I (Type I pneumocyte)

46
Q

This alveolar type is 5% of the alveolar surface but overall more numerous than Type I. Which cell type is involved?

A

Alveolar Type II, Cuboid cells

47
Q

Alveolar macrophages develop from _______. They function to clear the alveolar septa.

A

Monocytes

48
Q

The region between 2 alveolar is called the ______ ______. Parts include small amounts of CT w/ (elastic/reticular?) fibers, continuous capillaries, and a basal lamina.

A

Interalveolar septum, Elastic fibers

49
Q

The _____-_____ barrier is the region where oxygen and CO2 pass between the air and the blood.

A

Blood-Gas Barrier

50
Q

4 parts of Air–>Blood

A
  1. Surfactant, 2. Alveolar Type I cell, **3. Fused basal lamina b/w alveolar type I & endothelial cell of capillary, 4. Endothelial cell (minimum diffusion/distance barrier)
51
Q

Chronic exposure to irritants and metaplasia in the upper respiratory tract involves a(n) (increase/decrease?) # of goblet cells and a(n) (increase/decrease) # of sustentacular cells. Seromucus glands (increase/decrease?) in size which increases fluid.

A

Increase goblet cells, Decrease sustentacular cells (decr. cilia, incr. congestion), Increase seromucus gland size

52
Q

If there is a lot of coughing, patches of what type of epithelium is possible in the trachea?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

53
Q

Respiratory Distress of the Newborn or “RDS” brings a limited # of mature Alveolar Type ___ cells, which will not allow enough pulmonary surfactant.

A

Alveolar Type II

54
Q

This common, irreversible disease is characterized by a decrease in elastin which decreases alveolar elasticity (reduced surface area for gas exchanged). Smoking is a major risk factor.

A

Emphysema

55
Q

This is the major cause of Emphysema. Macrophages and neutrophils are attracted which secrete elastase and damage elastic fibers.

A

Inflammation

56
Q

This substance is a protein that helps to protect the elastic fibers, produced by the hepatocytes. Free radicals produced by smoking inactivate this protein.

A

Alpha-1 AT (antitrypsin)

57
Q

Genetic cause of emphysema is characterized by what hepatocyte issue?

A

Hepatocytes will produce Alpha-1 AT but cannot release it

organ histology (12 decks)

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