Final Chapter 8 Flashcards
5 functions of the respiratory system
- O2 + CO2 exchange (respiratory portion), 2. Conditions/cleans/filters air, 3. Phonation, 4. Provide defense, 5. Olfaction (2-5=conducting portion)
The filtration system is a ____ tiered system
3 tiered system (Large, medium, and small particle filter)
Air first enters the ______ in the nasal cavity (Conducting portion).
Vestibule
Surface epithelium in the vestibule is ________ stratified squamous. What cartilage type is used for support?
*keratinized* stratified squamous, *hyaline* cartilage
Two main types of glands in the nasal vestibule
Sebaceous and sweat glands
The large particle filter in the vestibule is called what?
Vibrissae (nose hair)
4 Functions of respiratory region
- Warm air, 2. Filter air, 3. Humidify air, 4. Provide defense
In the surface epithelium there are 3 basic cell types. What are they?
Basal cells, Goblet cells, Ciliated columnar
What structure is composed of ciliated columnar & goblet cells and functions as a “medium” filter for dust & pollen?
Mucociliary apparatus
In the respiratory region, what major layer are glands found in? What type of glands are they?
Lamina propria (Seromucus glands)
The mucus portion of Seromucus glands contributes mucus for what 2 reasons?
- Mucociliary clearance, 2. Humidify the air
What 3 serous products are produced?
- Lysozyme (antibacterial), 2. Interferons (antiviral), 3. Cytokines (stimulate defense cells)
This partially filled structure with many large venules is also in the lamina propria. It functions to warm/humidify the air and provide defense, specifically with *inflammation*. What 2 side effects are seen with inflammation here?
Cavernous plexus –Increase in blood flow/inflammation: 1. Stuffy nose (LP size increases, lumen size decreases), 2. Runny nose (increase in seromucus production)
Paranasal sinuses are a continuation of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity, therefore what type of epithelium is found here? The lamina propria (thin/thick?) and is (vascular/avascular?)
Respiratory epithelium, Thin, vascular
One possible problem in the paranasal sinuses is that the lamina propria swells causing the _____ to become blocked. This creates a very habitable environment for infection to thrive.
Ostia
What are the 3 subdivisions of the Pharynx?
- Nasopharynx, 2. Oropharynx, 3. Laryngopharynx
In the mucosa, which subdivision is composed of respiratory epithelium with mucociliary clearance?
Nasopharynx
In the mucosa, which 2 subdivisions are composed of stratified squamous cells?
Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx
In the mucosa, the lamina propria is typically (loose/dense?) CT? Pharyngeal and tubal *tonsils* are found in which subdivision?
Loose CT (Nasopharynx)
Palatine and lingual tonsils are found in which subdivision?
Oropharynx
T/F: The laryngopharynx contains *all* types of tonsils.
False, no tonsils present
T/F: Muscularis Mucosa is absent in the mucosa
TRUE
The submucosa contains ____________ fascia. Here, collagen type I in the periosteum comes off the basilar portion of the occiput and blends into the submucosa of the pharynx. What is its function?
Pharyngobasilar fascia (Support the wall of the pharynx)
Unlike other similar regions, this area of the pharynx contains all skeletal muscle with a *reversed* pattern of inner longitudinal and outer circular layers.
Muscularis Externa
What 2 organs is the reversed muscle pattern seen?
*Ureters* *PHARYNX Muscularis extern
This layer of the pharynx contains *buccopharyngeal* fascia.
Adventitia
This layer of the trachea is composed of 30% each of Goblet, Sustentacular, and Basal cells. The remaining cells are Brush, Serous, and DNES cells.
Mucosa (respiratory epithelium)
What are DNES (Kulchitsky) cells?
Diffuse Neuro Endocrine System –Secrete in LP–likely influence other resp. cells
T/F: in the mucosa of the trachea, the Lamina Propria is composed of loose CT, seromucus glands and is vascular
TRUE
T/F: in the tracheal mucosa, there is a very well defined muscularis mucosa.
False, it is absent
In the Trachea, the submucosa contains a ______ cartilage “C-ring”
hyaline
In the Trachea, the muscularis externus contains the _______ muscle. It connects each end of the hyaline cartilage c-ring.
Trachealis
The CT on the outside of the trachea is the _______.
Adventitia
The _______ bronchi (smaller division) is most similar to the trachea
Extrapulmonary (includes primary)
In Extrapulmonary bronchi, what 4 things will decrease?
- Amount of cartilage, 2. # of glands, 3. # of goblet cells, 4. Height of epithelium
In Extrapulmonary bronchi, what 2 things will increase?
- Smooth muscle, 2. Elastic CT
The ______ bronchi includes secondary and tertiary bronchi, with similar increasing/decreasing trends as Extrapulmonary bronchi.
Intrapulmonary bronchi
This subdivision is characterized by a size of <1mm, contains *no* cartilage or seromucus glands and has a complete smooth muscle layer.
Bronchioles
Bronchioles contain ______ epithelium that decrease in height and _____ cells with short microvilli.
Simple epithelium - *Clara* *cells* (found *only* in bronchioles) TQ
Clara cells may produce a ______-like material.
surfactant
The last part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system are the ______ bronchioles.
Terminal
Terminal bronchiole epithelium is composed of ______ ______ cells with Clara cells. The LP is composed of ______ CT and 1-2 layers of ______ muscle.
Simple Cuboidal, Fibroelastic, Smooth
The first region of the respiratory system is called what?
Respiratory Bronchioles
What 3 structures are involved with gas exchange?
Alveolar ducts, Alveolar sacs, Alveoli (All with same structure as alveoli)
This alveolar type is 95% of the alveolar surface with tight junctions between cells.
Alveolar Type I (Type I pneumocyte)
This alveolar type is 5% of the alveolar surface but overall more numerous than Type I. Which cell type is involved?
Alveolar Type II, Cuboid cells
Alveolar macrophages develop from _______. They function to clear the alveolar septa.
Monocytes
The region between 2 alveolar is called the ______ ______. Parts include small amounts of CT w/ (elastic/reticular?) fibers, continuous capillaries, and a basal lamina.
Interalveolar septum, Elastic fibers
The _____-_____ barrier is the region where oxygen and CO2 pass between the air and the blood.
Blood-Gas Barrier
4 parts of Air–>Blood
- Surfactant, 2. Alveolar Type I cell, **3. Fused basal lamina b/w alveolar type I & endothelial cell of capillary, 4. Endothelial cell (minimum diffusion/distance barrier)
Chronic exposure to irritants and metaplasia in the upper respiratory tract involves a(n) (increase/decrease?) # of goblet cells and a(n) (increase/decrease) # of sustentacular cells. Seromucus glands (increase/decrease?) in size which increases fluid.
Increase goblet cells, Decrease sustentacular cells (decr. cilia, incr. congestion), Increase seromucus gland size
If there is a lot of coughing, patches of what type of epithelium is possible in the trachea?
stratified squamous epithelium
Respiratory Distress of the Newborn or “RDS” brings a limited # of mature Alveolar Type ___ cells, which will not allow enough pulmonary surfactant.
Alveolar Type II
This common, irreversible disease is characterized by a decrease in elastin which decreases alveolar elasticity (reduced surface area for gas exchanged). Smoking is a major risk factor.
Emphysema
This is the major cause of Emphysema. Macrophages and neutrophils are attracted which secrete elastase and damage elastic fibers.
Inflammation
This substance is a protein that helps to protect the elastic fibers, produced by the hepatocytes. Free radicals produced by smoking inactivate this protein.
Alpha-1 AT (antitrypsin)
Genetic cause of emphysema is characterized by what hepatocyte issue?
Hepatocytes will produce Alpha-1 AT but cannot release it
