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organ histology > epithelium > Flashcards

epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

functions of epithelium

A

absorption, secretion and provide barrier

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2
Q

what function of epithelium do all types of epithelium posses?

A

provide barrier

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3
Q

specialized functions of epithelium

A

transport molecule across epi, prevent transport of material, sensory

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4
Q

what are the 2 parts of a basement membrane

A

basal lamina and reticular lamina

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5
Q

origin of basal lamina

A

produced by epithelial cells

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6
Q

origin of reticular lamina

A

produced by fibroblast in connective tissue

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7
Q

partial basement membrane

A

basal lamina only

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8
Q

function of basement membrane

A

provide attachment surface for epi. cells, limit stretch (protection), molecular filter

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9
Q

epithelium: vascular or avascular

A

avascular

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10
Q

what other type of tissue is epi associated with?

A

vascular connective tissue

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11
Q

why is epi associated with connective tissue?

A

CT provided nutrition and oxygen; provides defense

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12
Q

types of cell junctions in epithelium

A

zonula occludens,, zonula adherens, macula adherens and gap junctions

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13
Q

zonula occludens, type of cell junction in epi.

A

aka tight junctions; share intrinsic membrane proteins between cells

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14
Q

function of zonula occludens

A

strong attachment and prevent passage of material between cells

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15
Q

zonula adherens type of cell junction in epi.

A

aka adhesion belt; linkage proteins and marginal bands

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16
Q

linkage proteins

A

weak attachment between 2 cells in the zonula adherens

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17
Q

marginal bands

A

part of the cytoskeleton that attach to cell membrane in the zonula adherens

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18
Q

functions of zonula adherens

A

weak attachment and structural stability

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19
Q

macula adherens type of cell junction in epi.

A

aka desmosome; strong attachment

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20
Q

gap junctions type of cell junction in epi.

A

aka connexon

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21
Q

function of gap junction

A

strong attachment and transport materials

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22
Q

how does macula adherens (desmosome) work

A

protein plaque within adjacent cells link together via transmembrane proteins

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23
Q

how does gap junctions (connexon) work

A

cylinders of proteins (connexins) with in adjacent cells like

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24
Q

hemidesmosome

A

half of macula adherens

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25
Q

location of simple squamous

A

lung, parietal layer of bowman’s capsule (kidney), serosa on the outside of organs

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26
Q

function of simple squamous

A

barrier and living filter

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27
Q

location of simple cuboidal

A

exocrin ducts, thyroid follicular cells, kidney tubules

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28
Q

function of simple cuboidal

A

barrier, secretion, absorption

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29
Q

location of simple columnar

A

stomach, small intestine, gall bladder and LARGE exocrin duct

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30
Q

function of simple columnar

A

barrier, secretion and absorption

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31
Q

location of ciliated pseudostratified

A

trachea, repiratior region of nasal cavity, bronchi

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32
Q

other name for ciliated pseudostratified

A

respiratory epithelium

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33
Q

other name for respiratory epithelium

A

ciliated pseudostratified

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34
Q

types of cells in ciliated pseudostratified

A

ciliated columnar, goblet cells and basal cells

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35
Q

how is cilia anchored to ciliated columnar

A

by basal bodies to the apex of the cell

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36
Q

function of the ciliated columnar

A

to move mucus

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37
Q

function of goblet cells

A

produce mucus

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38
Q

basal cells

A

short pyramidal cells that do not reach surface in respiratory epi

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39
Q

function of basal cells

A

stem cells that divide through mitosis

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40
Q

basal cells divide into:

A

basal cells OR goblet cells OR ciliated columnar

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41
Q

microvilli

A

aka brush border of striated border

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42
Q

function of microvilli

A

increase surface area and increase absorption

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43
Q

location of microwilli

A

kidney tubule cells and small intestine

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44
Q

stereocilia

A

extremely long microvilli

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45
Q

function of sterocilia

A

increase surface area

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46
Q

location of sterocillia

A

epididymis and cochlear hair cells

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47
Q

function of cilia

A

to move something over surface

48
Q

cells with cillia…

A

have many mitochondria and no absorption or secretion due to basal bodies blocking surface

49
Q

location of cilia

A

trachea and fallopian tube

50
Q

glycocalyx

A

surface layer of glycoproteins and carbohydrates that cover some epi

51
Q

glycocalyx is produced by…

A

epithelial cells

52
Q

function of glygocalyx

A

protection and cell recognition

53
Q

location of glycocalyx

A

stomach and small intestine

54
Q

location of stratified squamous

A

esophagus, oral cavity, tongue and vagina

55
Q

function of stratified squamous

A

protection from abration

56
Q

problems with stratified squamous

A

no protection from drying, limited thickness (increased thickness will decrease nutrient diffusion and cause cell death)

57
Q

location of keratinized stratified squamous

A

skin

58
Q

function of keratinized stratified squamous

A

protection in a dry enviroment

59
Q

layers of keratinized stratified squamous

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum and stratum corneum

60
Q

stratum basale

A

1-2 layers of keratinocytes; mitotic and close to dermis

61
Q

stratum spinosum

A

multiple layers of “star” cells; produce lipids and keratohyalin vacuoles; thickness can vary

62
Q

strantum granulosum

A

upper most 1-2 layers of LIVING keratinocytes; flattened, condensed keratinohyalin vacules

63
Q

stratum lucidum

A

thin layer of DEAD or DYING keratinocytes; present on ly in thick skin

64
Q

stratum corneum

A

layer of dead cells, karatin and lipids; variable thickness

65
Q

function of stratum corneum

A

protection from water loss, abrasion and microorganisms

66
Q

epidermal pegs

A

aka rete ridges; contribute strength to epi by increasing surface area for attachment to CT below

67
Q

dermal papillae

A

contribute strength to epi by increasing surface area for attachment to CT belos

68
Q

skin color is influenced by:

A

number of melanosomes, size of melanosomes and placemnt of pigment/melanosomes within a cell

69
Q

protection from UV increases or decreases with age?

A

decreases; melanosomes decrease in number and skin lightens

70
Q

langerhans cells

A

aka antigen presenting cells; recognize external foreign antigens

71
Q

location of langerhans cells

A

stratum spinosum; and stratified squamous epi in esophagus and vagina

72
Q

merkel cells

A

provide touch receptors; associated with nerve endings and respond to pressure

73
Q

location of merkel cells

A

stratum basale

74
Q

clinical connection between langerhans cells and melanocytes

A

melanocytes increase when exposed to UV light while langerhans cells decrease when exposed to UV light

75
Q

location for stratified cuboidal

A

larger ducts in sweat glands and salivary glands

76
Q

function of stratifed cuboidal

A

increase protection and structure

77
Q

stratified cuboidal

A

2 layers: basal layer is flatted and superficial layer is cuboidal

78
Q

location of stratified columnar

A

large ducts in pancreas, parts of the male urethra, conjuctiva of eye

79
Q

stratified columnar

A

2 layers; basal layer is flattened to cuboidal shape and superficial layer is columnar

80
Q

location of transitional epi

A

most of the urinary tract

81
Q

transitional epi

A

aka urothelium; multiple layers thick

82
Q

function of transitional epi

A

protection (provides a barrier for urine) and STRETCH

83
Q

specializations for transitional epi

A

thin, fenestrated basement membrane; large, round superficial cells; well developed zonula occludens

84
Q

what is unusual about transitional epi cells

A

many are bi-nuclear

85
Q

why do transitional epi cells get more oxygen

A

due to fenestrated basement membrane and shorter diffusion distance when epi is stretched

86
Q

subcatagories of epi glands

A

exocrine and endocrine

87
Q

exocrine secretion

A

product is relased into a duct of directly onto epi surface

88
Q

parenchma

A

function component; ex. muscle cell

89
Q

stroma

A

structural component; blood vessles, nerves, CT, tendons

90
Q

classification of exocrine glands

A

morphology, method of secretion or product secreted

91
Q

morphology classification of exocrine glands

A

secretory units: tubular vs acinar; duct arrangement: branched vs unbranched

92
Q

method of secretion classification of exocrin glands

A

merocrin (eccrine), holocrin or apocrin

93
Q

merocrin secretion

A

method of exocrine secretion that uses exocytosis, does not cause cell damage and relasese only secretory product (generally no odor)

94
Q

holocrine secretion

A

method of exocrin secretion where mature cells die and release product, vacuole content, lipids, cell membrane, organelles and etc; associated with odor and bacteria

95
Q

apocrin secretion

A

method of exocrin secretion where vacuoles pinch off from cell; minimal cell damage; secretory products of intack vacules, cytoplasmn and cell membrane; associate with odor and bacteria

96
Q

examples of merocrin glands

A

goblet cell, salivary glands, pancreas and all sweat glands in children

97
Q

examples of holocrine glands

A

sebaceous glands, tarsal (meibomian) glands of eyelid

98
Q

examples of apocrine glands

A

lactating mammary glands, adult sweat glands (pubic/axillary), ceruminous glands in external auditory canal, ciliary (moll’s) glands in eyelid

99
Q

acinus

A

smallest division of a gland; a croup of cells surrounding a cavity

100
Q

serous demilune

A

small group of serous cells attached to a mucus acinus

101
Q

myoepithelial cells

A

cells with epithelial origin that are contractile; wrap around the acini and sometimes the ducts in some exocrine glands

102
Q

myoepithelial cells are found in:

A

salivary & sweat glands, lacrimal glands, lactating mammary glands

103
Q

funcion of myoepithelial cells

A

assist secretion

104
Q

serous glands produce:

A

proteins (enzymes)

105
Q

example of serous glands

A

pancreas parotid gland, chief cells in stomach

106
Q

characteristics of serous glands

A

cells are trapezoid in shape, nucleus is typically round and noticeable, cells pick up stain

107
Q

examples of mucus glands

A

goblet cells, mucus cells in stomach, minor salivary glands in tongue and palate

108
Q

characteristics of mucus glands

A

cells stain light, nucleus is usually flat & peripheral, cells are trapezoid in shape

109
Q

mixed glands produce:

A

mucus & serous (protein/enzmes) products

110
Q

characteristics of mixed glands

A

serous demilunes are posible

111
Q

exocrine regulation

A

myoepithelial cells: influence contraction and secretion of product; hormonal; blood supply: increased oxygen increased activity/secretion

112
Q

endocrine secretion

A

paracrine secretion and autocrine secretion

113
Q

paracrin secretion

A

type of endocrine secretion where signaling cell is close to target cell; hormone does not enter blood

114
Q

autocrine secretion

A

type of endocrine secretion where signaling cell is own target

115
Q

regulation of endocrine secretion

A

hormonal & ANS

organ histology (12 decks)

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