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organ histology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

0
Q

The inorganic matrix of bone is composed of what? (3)

A
  1. Hydroxyapatite crystals
  2. Calcium phosphate
  3. Other minerals
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1
Q

What are the four main functions of bone?

A
  1. Structural support
  2. Serve as levers for muscles/ locomotion
  3. Protect organs and house bone marrow
  4. Metabolic reserve for minerals
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2
Q

The organic matrix of bone is made of?

A

Collagen, GAG’s, glycoproteins

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3
Q

Which type of GAG’s are more numerous in the organic matrix of bone? Sulfated or nonsulfated

A

Sulfated (primarily chondroitin and keratin sulfates)

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4
Q

Do adults or children have a Higher percentage of organic matrix?

A

Children

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5
Q

What is the appearance of an osteoblast?

A

Cuboid or columnar

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6
Q

What are the two locations that an osteoblast is typically found?

A

Endosteum and periosteum

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7
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Minerals that bind to collagen

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8
Q

Where are osteoprogenitors derived from?

A

Mesenchyme cells

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9
Q

What is the function of an osteoprogenitor?

A

To change into an osteoblast

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10
Q

What is the only bone cell to undergo mitosis?

A

Osteoprogenitor cell

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11
Q

Which bone cell functions to create an osteoid, Produce an anti-inhibitor that neutralizes CIF, and responds to PTH?

A

Osteoblast

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12
Q

How does the osteoblast respond to PTH?

A

Osteoblast produce a factor (OPGL) which causes the creation of more osteoclasts » Osteoblast produce osteoclast stimulating factor » Osteoblast produce proteins/enzymes which condition bone surface for osteoclasts

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13
Q

Which bone cell functions to maintain the matrix?

A

Osteocytes

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14
Q

What is the small area between the osteoclast and a howships lacuna called?

A

Subasteoclastic compartment (area of bone reabsorbtion)

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15
Q

PTH directly activates ______ and indirectly activates ________?

A

Direct - osteoblast

Indirect - osteoclast (osteoblast to produce osteoclast stimulating factor).

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16
Q

What hormone decreases osteoclast activity?

A

Calcitonin

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17
Q

Primary bone = mature bone? True or False

A

False

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18
Q

Primary bone or secondary bone have organized collagen 1 fibers?

A

Secondary bone

19
Q

Which type of bone is directly under the periosteum?

A

Outer Circumferential Lamellae/periosteal lamellae

20
Q

Which part of the bone is close to cancelous bone or marrow cavity?

A

Inner Circumferential Lamellae/Endosteal Lamellae

21
Q

What is the name of the tiny channels that carry ostecyte cell processes called?

A

Canaliculi

22
Q

Which part of cancellous cone is surrounded by irregular CT filled spaces?

A

Trabeculae

23
Q

What are the two main parts of the periosteum?

A

Fibrous periosteum, and osteogenic periosteum

24
Q

• distribuute blood vessels and sympathetics
• transition bewtween bone and tendons / ligaments
These functions belong to what part of the periosteum?

A

Fibrous periosteum

25
Q

•healing
•growth
•remodeling
Are the functions of which part of the periosteum?

A

Osteogenic periosteum

26
Q

Which portion of the bone can be found
•lining cancellous bone
•lining endosteal lamellae
•lining central (haversian canal)

A

Endosteum

27
Q

What are the seven general steps for intramembranous ossification?

A
  1. Vascular mesenchyme tissue with mesenchyme cells.
  2. Primary centers of ossification develop
  3. Spicules and trabeculae of bone form and spread outwards
  4. Remodeling begins immediately
  5. Vascular mesenchyme between trabeculae/osteons can develop into bone marrow and endosteum.
  6. Other ossification centers likely
  7. All areas of ossification eventually fuse
28
Q

Describe the progression of cells during the ossification of the primary centers.

A

mesenchyme cells » osteoprogenitors » osteoblasts » secrete matrix » osteocyte

29
Q

What are the 5 general steps for endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Blood vessel invades middle of perichondrium
  2. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid just inside the periosteum
  3. Capillaries from periosteum enter the interior brittle cartilage
  4. Bone growth advances toward epiphyseal growth plates
  5. Secondary centers of ossification develop.
30
Q

When Osteoblasts secrete osteoid just inside the periosteum, what will form?

A

Periosteal (subperiosteal) collar

31
Q

What is the importance of the periosteal collar

A

Prevents diffusion of nutrients and oxygen to the chondrocytes that are still below, causing chondrocytes to die and the matrix to calcify.

32
Q

the original invading capillary along with osteoprogenitorsand hemopoietic stem cells is known as?

A

Periosteal bud.

33
Q

During remodeling the diaphysis will? (4)

A

a. eliminate calcified cartilage
b. create marrow cavity
c. provide osteon structure
d. create Volkmann’s canals

34
Q

The bone in metaphysis growing towards epiphysis as cartilage in epiphyseal growth plate continues to develop (grow). This process will result in?

A

An increase of length

35
Q

Growth is the osteogenic periosteum will result in an?

A

Increase of width

36
Q

What will slow cartilage development in the epiphyseal growth plates?

A

Hormones involving sexual maturity

37
Q

Cells from within the bone marrow influence the remodeling of which type of bone?

A

Cancellous bone

38
Q

Systemic factors from the osteogenic periosteum and the endosteum influence the remodeling of what type of bone?

A

Compact bone

39
Q

Which hormone influences bone growth by Stimulating osteoblast (fibroblast) formation?

A

Somatotropin

40
Q

Scurvy is caused by a vit. C deficiency. Which tissue fibers does it affect?

A

Collagen 1

41
Q

What disease is caused by a vit D deficiency in children?

A

Rickets

42
Q

What is the name for a prolonged vit. D deficiency in adults?

A

Osteomalacia

43
Q

What type of osteoporosis is found only in women and is due to low estrogen?

A

Post menopausal osteoporosis

44
Q

What type of osteoporosis is found equally on men and womenand is a result of decreased HGH levels?

A

Age related osteoporosis

45
Q

What do each of these things have in common?

  1. Long use of glucocorticoids 4. Excessive thyroid hormones
  2. Antacid use – w/Al 5. Anticonvulsants
  3. High protein diet 6. other drugs
A

Each on often leads to osteoporosis

46
Q

What are the three steps to osteoporosis prevention?

A
  1. Balanced diet
  2. Weight bearing exercise
  3. Healthy lifestyle

organ histology (12 decks)

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