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Systems Path 2 > Final: Blood Cell Disorders > Flashcards

Final: Blood Cell Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Location of Hematopoiesis in children

A

Tibia

Femur

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2
Q

Location of hematopoiesis in adults

A 
Pelvis 
Cranium
Vertebral bodies
Sternum
Ribs
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3
Q

Extramedullary hematopoiesis occurs in

A

Spleen
Liver
Lymph nodes
Thymus

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4
Q

Hemolysis

A

Rupture of RBC releases hemoglobin

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5
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Red marrow

Increase erythropoiesis results in hyperplasia of RBC stem cells

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6
Q

Reticulocytes

A

Mature after 1 day

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7
Q

Anemia freq in men and women

A

4% men

8% women

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8
Q

Types of anemia

A

Blood loss
Increase RBC destruction
Decrease RBC production

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9
Q

Hypoxia stimulates release of ____ which affects what organ

A

EPO

Renal fibroblasts

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10
Q

Signs of anemia

A 
Pallor
Fatigue
Weakness
Cachexia 
Osseous abnormalities
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11
Q

Signs of hemolytic anemia

A

Jaundice

Gallstones

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12
Q

GI or gynecological issues that increase blood loss to external environment result in

A

Hemorrhagic anemia

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13
Q

RBC appearance in anemia of blood loss

A

Normocytic

Normochromic

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14
Q

3 days into anemia of blood loss, ___ is observed

A

Hemodilution

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15
Q

7 days after anemia of blood loss, ___ observed

A

Reticulocytosis

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16
Q

Major concern with anemia of blood loss

A

Hypovolemic shock

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17
Q

In hemolytic anemia, iron is ___ and ___

A

Retained

Recycled

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18
Q

Hemolytic anemia stimulates

A

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

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19
Q

2 mains reasons for hemolytic anemia

A

Intracorpuscular defects

Extracorpuscular defects

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20
Q

Intracorpuscular defects are

A

Hereditary

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21
Q

Extracorpuscular defects are

A

Acquired

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22
Q

Intravascular hemolysis results in

A

Hemoglobinuria

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23
Q

Extravascular hemolysis results in

A

Hyperbilirubinemia
Jaundice
Gallstones
Splenomegaly

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24
Q

Gallstones aka

A

Cholelithiasis

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25
Q

Freq of gallstones

A

20% US adults

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26
Q

Most gallstones are ___

A

Asymptomatic

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27
Q

Biliary tree obstruction from gallstone can result in

A

Biliary colic (RUQ)

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28
Q

Cholecystitis refers Pain where

A

RUQ

R scapular region

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29
Q

Risks for gallstones

A 
Age 
History 
Obesity 
Diabetes 
Hemolytic anemia
Estrogen
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30
Q

General term for abnormal shaped RBCs

A

Poikilocyte

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31
Q

Irregularly shaped RBCs from hemolysis

A

Schistocyte

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32
Q

Teardrop shaped RBC

A

Dacroctye

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33
Q

7 hemolytic anemia

A
  1. Hereditary spherocytosis
  2. Sickle cell anemia
  3. Thalassemia
  4. Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
  5. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
  6. Traumatic
  7. Malaria
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34
Q

Autosomal dominant membrane defect that results in spherocytes removed by spleen

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

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35
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis results in ___ anemia and ____

A

Mild

Extravascular hemolysis

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36
Q

Signs of hereditary spherocytosis

A

Splenomegaly
Jaundice
Gallstones

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37
Q

If someone with hereditary spherocytosis is infected with parvovirus B19…

A

Aplastic crisis

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38
Q

Treatment for hereditary spherocytosis

A

Partial splenectomy

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39
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Autosomal recessive

Beta-globin mutation

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40
Q

Heterozygous sickle cell trait

A

8% African Americans

Not affected

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41
Q

Homozygous sickle cell trait

A

Sickle cell anima

1 in 600 African Americans

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42
Q

Sickling occurs during ___, which can occur in

A

Stasis

Marrow and spleen
Infection
Dehydration

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43
Q

Sickle cell anemia common in areas of

A

Endemic malaria

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44
Q

Sickle cell anemia lethal due to

A

Acute chest syndrome

Stroke

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45
Q

Possible sites in body of congestion

A 
Marrow (MC)
Spleen
Liver
Kidneys 
Retina
Brain 
Lungs 
Skin
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46
Q

H-shaped vertebra (aka Lincoln log vertebrae) characteristic of

A

Sickle cell anemia

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47
Q

10% of sickle cell anemia patients have

A

H shaped vertebra

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48
Q

Thalassemia is autosomal ___ and has mutated ___ or ____

A

Recessive

Alpha or beta globin genes

49
Q

Thalassemia is MC in what area

A

Endemic malaria

Mediterranean

50
Q

Beta thalassemia causes low ___

A

Erythropoiesis

51
Q

Beta thalassemia minor

A

1 allele

Subtle hemolysis

Very mild

52
Q

Beta thalassemia major

A

2 alleles

Severe anemia

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

Splenomegaly

Stunted growth

53
Q

RBC appearances in thalassemia minor

A

Microcytic and hypochromic

54
Q

Treatment for beta thalassemia major

A

Repeated transfusions and iron chelation

55
Q

Treatment for beta thalassemia major results in

A

Extension of life into 20s

56
Q

Beta thalassemia major patients die from

A

Lethal dilated cardiomyopathy

57
Q

Radiographic appearances for beta thalassemia major

A

Hair on end

Lace like trabeculation

58
Q

Chipmunk facies are observed in

A

Beta thalassemia major

59
Q

Antioxidant that protects RBCs from oxidative stress

A

Glutathione (GSH)

60
Q

___ needed to make GSH

A

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

61
Q

G6PD deficiency

A

Low GSH

Older RBCs susceptible to oxidative stress

62
Q

G6PD deficiency MC observed in

A

Males (x linked)

63
Q

Histological signs of G6PD

A

Bite cells

Heinz bodies

64
Q

Traumatic hemolysis is due to ____ and results in

A

Excessive mechanical forces

Schistocytes

65
Q

Schistocytes aka

A

Burr cells

Helmet cells

66
Q

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia observed in

A

Traumatic hemolysis

67
Q

Malaria caused by

A

Plasmodium falciparum (protozoan)

68
Q

Malaria MC in

A

Asia and Africa

69
Q

___ infect liver cells

A

Sporozoites

70
Q

___ infect RBCs

A

Merozoites

71
Q

___ infect mosquitos

A

Gametocytes

72
Q

In malaria, merozoite showers every

73
Q

Cerebral malaria

A

Seizures
Convulsions
Coma
Death

Lethal within days

74
Q

2 nutritional deficiencies

A

Iron deficiency anemia

Megaloblastic anemia

75
Q

World’s MC nutritional deficiency

76
Q

MC cause of anemia

A

Iron deficiency anemia

77
Q

Iron deficiency freq

A

10% pop in developed

25-50% in developing

78
Q

Iron transported by

A

Transferrin

79
Q

Iron deficiency anemia due to ___ in developing nations

A

Low dietary intake

80
Q

Iron deficiency anemia due to ___ in developed nations

A

Chronic blood loss

  • GI
  • gynecological
81
Q

Pica craving with iron deficiency anemia

82
Q

Fingernail ____ observed in iron deficiency anemia

83
Q

Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia

A

Low serum ferritin

High EPO

84
Q

GI tract chronic blood loss can be due to

A 
Ulcers 
Polyps 
Colon ca
Hemorrhoids 
IBD
85
Q

Female genital tract chronic blood loss can be due to

A

Leiomyoma

Leiomyosarcoma

86
Q

Mechanism of nail clubbing

A

Altered vascular structure to distal segment of finger

Hypoxia may trigger vasodilation to this area

87
Q

Megaloblastic anemia can be due to what 2 deficiencies

A

Folate

B12

88
Q

Folate and B12 required for ___ synthesis

89
Q

Macrocytes appearance

A

Macrocytic

Hyperchromic

90
Q

MC populations to have folate deficiency anemia

A

Elderly
Alcoholics
Celiac disease
Pregnancy

91
Q

Diagnosis of folate deficiency anemia

A

Macrocytes in peripheral blood

Low serum folate

92
Q

Symptoms of folate deficiency anemia

A

Fatigue
Weakness
Sore tongue

93
Q

Vit B12 deficiency anemia aka

A

Pernicious anemia

94
Q

B12 needed for DNA synthesis and for maintenance of ____ and ___

A

PNS

Spinal cord

95
Q

Dietary deficiency of ___ very rare, only observed in strict vegans

96
Q

B12 deficiency anemia MC from

A

Chronic malabsorption

Autoimmune gastritis (elderly)

Following gastrectomy

97
Q

Features of b12 deficiency anemia

A 
Fatigue 
Pallor
Weakness
Demyelination of PNS and CNS
Numbness, tingling, burning 
Decrease proprioception and ataxia
98
Q

Diagnosis of b12 deficiency anemia

A

Macrocytes

Low serum b12 and normal folate

99
Q

Leukocytes produced in ____ and make up ___ of blood volume

100
Q

High WBCs

A

Leukocytosis

101
Q

Low WBCs

A

Leukopenia

102
Q

Common causes of leukocytosis

A

Inflammation
Infection
Leukemia
Lymphoma

103
Q

Common causes of leukopenia

A

AIDS

Corticosteroids

104
Q

3 granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

105
Q

2 agranulocytes

A

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

106
Q

WBCs cancers make up ___ of adult ca deaths

107
Q

WBCs cancer makes up ___ of childhood cancer death

108
Q

Mono caused by

A

Epstein Barr virus

HHV4

109
Q

Signs of mono

A 
Fever
Pharyngitis 
Fatigue
Lymphadenitis 
Splenomegaly
110
Q

Irregular lymphocytes in mono

A

Aka Downey cells

Oval, irregular
Nucleus is folded, indented

111
Q

Mono MC in ages ___

112
Q

3 types of neoplastic proliferations of WBCs

A

Lymphoid neoplasms
Myeloid neoplasms
Histiocytic neoplasms

113
Q

3 types of lymphoid neoplasms

A

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Multiple myeloma

114
Q

3 types of myeloid neoplasms

A
  1. Acute myelogenous leukemia
  2. Myelodysplastic syndromes
  3. Chronic myeloproliferative disorders
115
Q

Main type of histiocytic neoplasms

A

Langerhans Cell histiocytosis

116
Q

Hodgkin Lymphoma is not very

A

Aggressive

117
Q

Cancer of plasma cells

A

Multiple myeloma

118
Q

Prognosis of nonhodgkin lymphomas

A

Not good

Very aggressive

Systems Path 2 (11 decks)

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