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Systems Path 2 > Exam 2: Males > Flashcards

Exam 2: Males Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormal urethral orifice risk for

A

Risk for obstruction or UTI

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2
Q

Abnormal urethral orifice affects

A

1 in 300

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3
Q

Hypospadias

A

Ventral (MC)

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4
Q

Epispadias

A

Dorsal

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5
Q

Epispadias is less common but more

A

Severe

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6
Q

Epispadias is associated with

A

Bladder exstrophy

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7
Q

Smegma combined with poor hygiene can lead to

A

Inflammation
Pain
Infection

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8
Q

Phimosis

A

Inability to retract prepuce

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9
Q

Balanoposthitis

A

Prepuce inflammation

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10
Q

Balanitis

A

Glans penis inflammation

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11
Q

Paraphimosis

A

Entrapment behind coronal sulcus

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12
Q

Most penile neoplasms are

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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13
Q

Risks for penile neoplasms

A 
>40 yo
Uncircumcised
Smoking 
Poor hygiene 
HPV16 and 18
AIDS
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14
Q

Bowen disease

A

In situ SCC
Solitary

10% invasive

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15
Q

Invasive SCC

A 
Gray 
Crusted
Hardened
Irregular boarders 
Raised or ulcerated
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16
Q

Prognosis of invasive SCC

A

Lymphatic Mets

<30% 5 year survival

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17
Q

Scrotum cancer is ___, but MC is

A

Rare

SCC

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18
Q

Hydrocele

A

Increase serous fluid in tunica vaginalis

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19
Q

MC cause of scrotal enlargement

A

Hydrocele

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20
Q

Chylocele

A

Increase in lymph, due to filariasis

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21
Q

Hematocele

A

Increase in blood

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22
Q

Carriers of W. Bancrofti

A

Flies
Mosquitoes
Arthropoda

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23
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Failure of testicle to descend

MC idiopathic

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24
Q

MC position for cryptorchidism

A

High scrotal

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25
Q

Cryptorchidism can cause __ and __ by age 5 years old

A

Atrophy and sterility

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26
Q

___ is a 3-5X risk for testicular cancer

A

Cryptorchidism

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27
Q

Testicular atrophy can be from

A 
Ischemia
Trauma 
High estrogens
Irradiation 
Chemo therapy
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28
Q

Inflammation of testis

A

Orchitis

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29
Q

Inflammation of epididymis

A

Epididymitis

MC unilateral

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30
Q

Diagnosis of cryptorchidism

A

1 year after birth

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31
Q

___ causes 20% of orchitis in adults

A

Mumps

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32
Q

Inflammation of testes and epididymis commonly begins as __ and spreads via

A

UTI

Vas deferens or lymphatics

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33
Q

Testicular torsion

A

Spermatic cord twisting, obstructing venous drainage

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34
Q

___ is urologic emergency

A

Testicular torsion

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35
Q

Testicular torsion MC in

A

Ages 12-18

Bell-clapper deformity

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36
Q

1/3 of testicular torsion ___, but some may need surgical repair if

A

Spontaneously resolve

Unresolved within 6 hours

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37
Q

Varicocele

A

Enlarged pampiniform venous plexus of scrotum

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38
Q

Testicular torsion is usually ___ and can lead to ischemia

A

Unilateral

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39
Q

Varicocele is considered a ___, which can indicate

A

Malignancy

Testicular or renal cell carcinoma

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40
Q

Testicular neoplasms MC cancer in what group

A

Males 15-35

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41
Q

Lethality of testicular ca

A

5% lethal

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42
Q

Risks for testicular ca

A

Family history
Cryptorchidism
Caucasians
Gonadal dysgenesis

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43
Q

Brother with testicular ca increases your risk by

A

8-10X

Cancer in contralateral testicle

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44
Q

10% of cases of cryptorchidism progress to

A

Testicular ca

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45
Q

When serous fluid accumulates in tunica vaginalis

46
Q

Who is most likely to develop testicular torsion

A

Adolescents

47
Q

Sex cord-stromal tumors

A

Benign

From serotoli or Leydig cells

48
Q

Leydig cells produce ___

A

Testosterone

49
Q

Germ cell tumors are __ and are from ___

A

Malignant

Intratubular germ cell neoplasia (in situ)

50
Q

95% of postpubertal testicular tumors

A

Germ cell tumors

51
Q

2 main types of testicular germ cell tumors

A

Seminomas

Nonseminomatous

52
Q

Peak patient ages for seminoma

53
Q

10% of patients with seminoma have elevated

54
Q

2 most aggressive testicular GCT

A

Embryonal carcinoma

Choriocarcinoma

55
Q

Teratomas are different in that they affect what age?

56
Q

100% of patients with choriocarcinoma have elevated

57
Q

90% of patients with yolk sac tumor have elevated

58
Q

Peak patient age for yolk sac tumor

59
Q

50% of all GCTs

60
Q

Soft, gray-white, well demarcated mass with large and uniform cells and round nuclei

61
Q

4 types of nonseminomatous GCTs

A
  1. Embryonal carcinoma
  2. Choriocarcinoma
  3. Yolk sac tumor
  4. Teratoma
62
Q

Invasive, anaplastic, indistinct borders with no tumor marker

A

Embryonal carcinoma

63
Q

Seminomas Mets via

A

Lymphatics (late mets)

64
Q

Nonseminomatous GCTs mets via ___ or ___ to what locations?

A

Lymphatics or hematogenous mets

To liver or lungs

65
Q

Features of testicular cancer

A

Painless testicular mass
Non-translucent
Blood in semen
Dull achy pain in groin/abdomen

66
Q

Urologist specializes in

A

Male and female urinary tract

Reproductive system of males

67
Q

Carcinomas of prostate MC found in

A

Peripheral zone

68
Q

Hyperplasia of prostate MC found in

A

Transitional zone

69
Q

10% of prostatitis is due to

A

Bacterial infection

70
Q

MC uropathogen to cause prostatitis

71
Q

Symptoms of prostatitis

A 
LBP
Pelvic pain 
Dysuria 
Fever
Chills
Tender DRE
72
Q

Most prostatitis due to

A

Chronic non bacterial

Aka prostatodynia or chronic pelvic pain syndrome

73
Q

Prostatitis can be from infections of what type/location

A

Blood
Lymph
Urethral/bladder
Rectum

74
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia occurs in what location

A

Transitional zone

75
Q

BPH is idiopathic, but growth may be dependent on what

A

Androgen-dependent growth (dihydrotestosteorne)

76
Q

Onset of BPH

A

> 40 yo

90% of males are >70 yo

77
Q

10% of BPH cases are symptomatic, which include

A

Lower UT
Increase frequency to urinate
Nocturia

78
Q

Nodules are well-circumscribed in

79
Q

Potential consequences of TURP

A

Incontinence

ED

80
Q

1/3 of all male cancer diagnoses

A

Prostate carcinoma

81
Q

2nd MC cause of cancer-related death in males

A

Prostate carcinoma

82
Q

Prostate cancer is a form of

A

Adenocarcinoma

83
Q

Risk factors for prostate carcinoma

A

> 50 yo (MC age 65-75)
High androgens
Caucasian
African Americans

84
Q

Cancer of prostate is MC to develop at which location

A

Peripheral zone

85
Q

Osteoblasts mets to spine describes

A

Prostate cancer

86
Q

Malignancies that mets to bone, MC the spine

A 
Breast 
Lung
Thyroid
Kidney 
Prostate

(BLT Kosher Pickle)

87
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Dilation of renal pelvis/calyces

  • blocks urine
  • atrophy and decrease in function
88
Q

Acquired hydronephrosis due to

A

Stone
BPH
Prostate ca

89
Q

Renal calculus aka

A

Kidney stone

90
Q

Renal calculus MC made of

A

Calcium oxalate

91
Q

All men ages 55-69 should be screened for prostate cancer via PSA test

92
Q

Congenital hydronephrosis is MC and due to ___ and MC in ___

A

Atresia

Male infants

93
Q

Risks for kidney stones

A 
Males 
Family history 
Dehydration 
UTIs
Low vitamin A
Gout
94
Q

Staghorn calculus

A

Upper urinary tract stone

95
Q

Renal calculus causes __ pain

A

Flank (refers to groin)

96
Q

Staghorn calculi made up of

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate

97
Q

Renal colic

A

Usually unilateral intense pain due to kidney stone slowly traveling down ureter

98
Q

Deficiency in vitamin A

A

Kidney stones

Bitot spots

99
Q

Vitamin A toxicity

A 
Vomiting 
Weight loss
Arthritis
HA
Dizziness
Diplopia
100
Q

Urinary bladder diverticulum

A

Invagination of bladder wall

MC acquired

MC small and asymptomatic

Infection risk

101
Q

Urinary bladder cystitis

A

Inflammation of urinary bladder due to E. coli (MC)

Suprapubic pain, dysuria, painful sea

102
Q

Freq of bladder cancer

A

7% men

3% all cancer-related death

103
Q

90% of bladder cancer

A

Urothelial carcinoma

104
Q

5% bladder cancer

A

SCC (due to schistosomiasis infections)

105
Q

Risks for bladder cancer

A 
Age 50-80
Bladder irritation 
Smoking 
Urban environments
Occupational carcinogens
106
Q

Risks for cystitis

A 
E. Coli infection 
Female 
Sex 
Reduced outflow 
Dementia
107
Q

Bladder cancer is NOT ___ but involves acquired ___ or __ mutations

A

Familial

TP53 or RB mutations

108
Q

2 types of urothelial carcinoma in situ

A

Papillon papillary carcinoma

Flat noninvasive carcinoma

109
Q

2 types of invasive urothelial carcinoma

A

Invasive papillary carcinoma

Flat invasive carcinoma

110
Q

____ decreases risk of progression and recurrence of bladder cancer

A

Smoking cessation

Systems Path 2 (11 decks)

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