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Systems Path 2 > Exam 2: Female > Flashcards

Exam 2: Female Flashcards

1
Q

MC condition regarding vulva

A

Inflammation

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2
Q

Vulvitis can be due to ___, a form of eczema

A

Allergic contact dermatitis

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3
Q

Vulvitis can also be due to infections, which include

A 
HPV
HSV2
N gonorrhea 
C albicans
Syphilis
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4
Q

Candyloma acuminatum due to what infections

A

HPV6

HPV11

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5
Q

Obstruction/ dilation of Bartholin gland

A

Bartholin cyst

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6
Q

Bartholin cysts develop ___ and can result in ___ if infected

A

Quickly

Bartholin abscess

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7
Q

No cancer risk and develops following chronic irritation

A

Lichen simplex chronicus

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8
Q

MC in ages 8-60 (bimodal) and 5% chance of developing SCC

A

Lichen Sclerosus

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9
Q

Smooth, white, near labia Minora

A

Lichen sclerosus

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10
Q

Wart-like structure

A

Condyloma

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11
Q

Condylomata acuminata

A

HPV 6 and 11

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12
Q

Condylomata lata

A

Secondary syphilis

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13
Q

90% SCC, lymphatic Mets, >60 yo describes

A

Valvular carcinoma

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14
Q

HPV related SCC

A

HPV 16 and 18
Valvular intraepithelial neoplasia
Middle Aged, smoker, immunodeficiency

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15
Q

Non HPV related SCC

A

Older women

Lichen Sclerosus

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16
Q

MC valvular carcinoma

A

Non HPV related SCC

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17
Q

Leukorrhea, pain, itching all describe

A

Vaginitis

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18
Q

MC cancers that Mets to vagina

A

Colorectal

Cervical

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19
Q

Primary vaginal cancer

A

SCC

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20
Q

Vaginal SCC MC in ___ and involves ___

A

Elderly

Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN)

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21
Q

Rare vaginal cancer observed in daughters whose mothers took DES

A

Clear cell adenocarcinoma

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22
Q

Rare vaginal cancer with polyploid mass, observed in young girls

Form of rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Sarcoma botryoides

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23
Q

MC benign and can cause leukorrhea, bleeding, fever, pain

A

Cervicitis

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24
Q

Infections that can cause cervicitis

A 
Chlamydia (MC)
Trichomoniasis
Candidiasis
Gonorrhea
Herpes
HPV
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25
Q

Non-infectious cervicitis

A

Acute = postpartum

Chronic = reproductive aged women

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26
Q

Chronic non-infectious cervicitis is due to

A

Fluctuating estrogen levels

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27
Q

High risk HPVs for cervical cancer

A

HPV 16 and 18

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28
Q

Most HPV infections are transient and involve

A

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

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29
Q

CIN koilocytosis characteristics

A

Anaplasia
Enlarged nuclei
Irregular borders
Darker staining

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30
Q

CIN MC age age

A

30

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31
Q

Low grade (CIN1) care plan

A

Observation

60% regress
10% progress

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32
Q

High grade (CIN 2 and 3) care plan

A

Excision

30% regress
10% cancer

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33
Q

Acetic acid test is used for

A

Cervix cancer diagnosis

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34
Q

All invasive carcinoma of cervix come from

A

HPV infection

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35
Q

MC invasive carcinoma of cervix

A

SCC (75%)

Adenocarcinoma 20%
Carcinoid 5%

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36
Q

Invasive carcinoma of cervix MC diagnosed age

A

45

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37
Q

Cervical cancer MC in women who

A

Lack screening

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38
Q

MC cause of death in cervical cancer patients

A

Renal failure

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39
Q

10% of cervical cancer Mets if size is

A

> 3mm

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40
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease caused by

A

Gonorrhea
Chlamydia
TB

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41
Q

Endometritis can be caused by __ or __

A

PID

Retained products

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42
Q

Retained products that can cause endometritis

A

Conception
Abortion
IUD

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43
Q

Extrauterine endometrium

A

Endometriosis

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44
Q

Endometriosis freq

A

10% reproductive aged women

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45
Q

1/2 of all female infertility due to

A

Endometriosis

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46
Q

Endometriosis symptoms

A 
Dysmenorrhea
Dysuria
Pelvic pain 
Painful BMs
Painful intercourse
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47
Q

Locations for endometriosis

A 
Ovaries
Peritoneum
Pouch of Douglas 
Uterine ligaments
Fallopian tubes
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48
Q

“Chocolate cyst” a sign of

A

Endometriosis

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49
Q

3 theories of endometriosis

A

Regurgitation
Metaplasia
Benign Mets (vascular or lymphatic)

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50
Q

Menorrhagia

A

Profuse/prolonged menstruation

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51
Q

Metrorrhagia

A

Irregular, between periods

Spotting

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52
Q

Anovulatory cycle

A

Inadequate luteal phase

Retained endometrium

Extremes of reproductive life

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53
Q

Overgrowth of endometrial cells due to high estrogen or failed ovulation

A

Endometrial hyperplasia

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54
Q

3-50% transform into carcinoma

A

Endometrial cancer

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55
Q

MC female genital tract cancer

A

Endometrial carcinoma

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56
Q

Endometrial carcinoma affects ages ___

A

55-65

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57
Q

Signs of endometrial carcinoma

A

Enlarged uterus
Leukorrhea
Metrorrhagia

58
Q

Types of endometrial carcinoma

A

Endometrioid (80%)

Serous (15%)

59
Q

Endometrioid cancer involves ___ and occurs ___

A

Endometrial hyperplasia

Perimenopausal

60
Q

Endometrioid can be due to

A 
High estrogens 
Diabetes
Lynch syndrome 
HTN 
Infertility
61
Q

Serous endometrial carcinoma

A

Endometrial atrophy
TP53 mutations
Aggressive

62
Q

High estrogen levels can be due to

A

Obesity
PCOS
Hormone replacement therapy

63
Q

Endometrial polyps are MC

A

Perimenopausal

64
Q

___ can cause abnormal uterine bleeding and be a cancer risk

A

Endometrial polyps

65
Q

Benign smooth muscle tumor that occurs in reproductive aged women, AA, and due to high estrogen levels

A

Leiomyoma

66
Q

Solitary malignant smooth muscle tumor that occurs postmenopausal

A

Leiomyosarcoma

67
Q

Leiomyosarcoma Mets MC to

A

Lungs

5 year survival 40%

68
Q

Freq of leiomyoma

A

30-50% reproductive aged women

69
Q

___ has lymphatic Mets but has a good prognosis

A

Endometrial carcinoma

70
Q

Salpingitis can be due to

A 
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Strep
Staph 
PID
Sepsis 
Ectopic pregnancy 
Endometriosis 
Tumor
71
Q

Salpingitis is risk for

A

Ectopic pregnancy

Sterility

72
Q

Signs of salpingitis

A

Fever
Abdominal pain
Pelvic mass

73
Q

Adenocarcinoma MC on fimbriae

A

Fallopian tube carcinoma

74
Q

___ invades peritoneal cavity

A

Fallopian tube carcinoma

75
Q

Fallopian tube carcinoma due to what mutations

A

TP53
BRCA1
BRCA2

76
Q

Ovarian cyst

A

Serous-filled cysts usually 1-4 cm

77
Q

Ovarian cysts usually form from

A

Graafian or ruptured follicles

78
Q

Larger ovarian cysts are at a risk for rupture and can cause

A

Acute abdomen

79
Q

Multiple cystic follicles that can enlarge to 2X size

A

PCOS

80
Q

___ can have cigar-shaped nuclei

A

Leiomyosarcoma

81
Q

Up to 15% of reproductive aged women affected with

A

PCOS

82
Q

___ and ___ are familial

A

Ovarian cysts

PCOS

83
Q

PCOS associated with ___ and insulin resistance

A

Obesity

84
Q

Signs of PCOS

A

High androgens, estrogens, and LH

Low FSH

Hirsutism

Obesity

85
Q

PCOS can cause oligomenorrhea or

A

Infertility

86
Q

5th MC cause of ca related deaths

A

Ovarian tumors

87
Q

Risks for ovarian tumors

A

> 20 yo
Nulliparity/ low parity

Family history BRCA1 or 2

88
Q

Oral contraception decreases risk of ___

A

Ovarian tumors

89
Q

Surface epithelial tumors can be ___ or ___ and represent 90% of ovarian cancers

A

Benign 75%

Malignant 25%

90
Q

Gravidity

A

Number of times a female has been pregnant

91
Q

Parity

A

Number of pregnancies carried to viable gestational age

92
Q

BEAT signs of ovarian tumors

A

Bloated sensation
Eating difficulty
Abdominal pain
Trouble with GI or GU

93
Q

Teratomas of ovarian tumors originate from

A

Germ cell tissue

94
Q

Serous tumors and endometrioid tumors originate from

A

Surface epithelial cells

95
Q

20% ovarian tumors and calcification is common, aiding in imaging

A

Ovarian teratomas

96
Q

Teratomas MC age

A

25

97
Q

Younger age at diagnosis of ovarian teratomas

A

Increases cancer risk

98
Q

MC surface epithelial tumor of ovary

A

Serous tumor

99
Q

Freq and age groups of benign and malignant serous tumors of ovary

A

60% benign , 30-40 yo

25% malignant, 45-65 yo

100
Q

Serous tumors can be large and are 25%

A

Bilateral

101
Q

Malignant serous tumors represent __ of all ovarian cancers and have a __ prognosis

A

60%

Poor

102
Q

Endometrioid tumors are MC

A

Malignant, 30% bilateral

103
Q

___ associated with endometrial CA and endometriosis

A

Endometrioid tumors

104
Q

If endometrioid tumor is solid….

A

Increased CA risk

105
Q

Cancer of GI tract that has spread to ovaries

A

Krukenberg tumor

106
Q

Signet-ring cells are characteristic of

A

Krukenberg tumors

107
Q

Rare tumor that represents 2% of all ovarian tumors

A

Krukenberg tumor

108
Q

80% are bilateral and Mets via lymphatics, with MC age ___

A

Krukenberg tumor

45 yo

109
Q

MC placental infection

A

Ascending

110
Q

Ascending placental infection

A

MC from premature rupture of membranes

Neutrophils and edema

111
Q

Ascending placental infections MC from

A

Bacteria

112
Q

Transplacental infection caused by

A 
Toxoplasmosis 
Other (TB, HIV, T Pallidum, P falciparum)
Rubella 
CMV
HSV
113
Q

90% of ectopic pregnancies are

A

Tubal

114
Q

1% of all pregnancies

A

Ectopic pregnancy

115
Q

Ectopic pregnancy usually ruptures in first trimester and signs include

A

Acute abdominal pain (salpingitis)
Hemorrhage
Shock
Infertility

116
Q

Group of tumors resulting from abdominal fertilization

A

Gestational trophoblastic Disease

117
Q

Gestational trophoblastic disease mimics ___ and produces increased levels of ___

A

Early pregnancies

Increased hCG

118
Q

3 types of gestational trophoblastic disease

A

Hydatidiform mole
Invasive mole
Choriocarcinoma

119
Q

Benign, cystic, “grape-like” mass

A

Hydatidiform mole

120
Q

Complete hydatidiform mole

A

2 sperm, no fetal parts

Risk for invasive mole

121
Q

Partial hydatidiform mole

A

1 egg and 1 sperm

Early fetal parts

122
Q

Invasive mole

A

Benign, but locally invasive

From complete moles

Possible hemorrhage

123
Q

Choriocarcinoma

A

Malignant

Severe uterine bleeding

Extreme HCG bleeding

50% from complete mole, 25% from pregnancy, 25% from abortion

124
Q

Which gestational trophoblastic disease is cancerous

A

Choriocarcinoma

125
Q

What percentage of all lumps in the breast are cancerous

A

10%

126
Q

Choriocarcinoma Mc Mets to to

A

Lungs

“Cannonball Mets”

127
Q

Toxemia of pregnancy

A

Preeclampsia

128
Q

Diagnostic criteria for preeclampsia

A

HTN (>20 wks gestation)
Proteinuria
Edema in face or periphery

129
Q

Involves endothelial dysfunction, MC in 3rd trimester

A

Preeclampsia

130
Q

Risks and freq of preeclampsia

A

Risk = 1st pregnancy, >35 yo

5-10% all pregnancies

131
Q

Primigravida

A

1st pregnancy

132
Q

Signs of preeclampsia

A 
Pitting edema
Proteinuria
Pulmonary edema 
Thrombosis 
RBC damage 
Low platelets 
Convulsions/seizures
133
Q

Marked by onset of seizures and possible coma

A

Eclampsia

134
Q

10% of cases of eclampsia develop HELLP syndrome, which consists of

A

Hemolysis
Elevated Liver enzymes
Low Platelets

135
Q

Breast lesions MC ___

A

Benign

136
Q

Breast abnormalities

A

Supernumerary nipple (5% population)

Inverted nipple

Galactocele

137
Q

Galactocele

A

Obstructed mammary gland duct

138
Q

40% of breast “lumps” are

A

Fibrocystic changes

139
Q

Fibrocystic changes MC in what quadrant

A

Superolateral

140
Q

__ decreases risk of fibrocystic changes

A

Oral contraception

141
Q

Menstrual hormonal fluctuations common with ____, which commonly occurs in reproductive aged females

A

Fibrocystic changes

142
Q

2 categories of fibrocystic changes

A

Nonproliferative

Proliferative

Systems Path 2 (11 decks)

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