Final Flashcards
economy where government officials make all basic economic decisions
command economy
Kamikazes
Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships. Demonstrated the Japanese mindset of never surrendering.
council of workers and soldiers set up by the Russian revolutionaries
soviet
why britain and france declared war
Hitler attacked and invaded Poland.
how did technology contribute to the destructiveness of the war?
- airplanes were used for scouting and to support the groud forces
- armored tanks appeared on the battlefield
- machine guns, deadly gases and heavy artillery raised the death toll
- zeppelins
- chemical gases
An organization under the Soviet regime for the investigation of counter-revolutionary activities. It executed many real and alleged enemies of Lenin’s regime from its formation in 1917 until 1922, when it was replaced by the OGPU.
cheka
promises made by Hitler
- Hitler promised prosperity and changed his polices in order to gain even more support and to gain support of people who were desperate.
- Arbeit und Brot (work and bread ; main promise)
reasons for US and USSR competition
- ‘arms race’
- to build up their respective armed forces and weapons
what were the costs of WWI (money and lives)?
- 8.5 million people worldwide were dead
- 19 million people wounded
- $33 billion in repreparations for germany
Soviet leader after Khrushchev who started a policy of detente with the US
leonid brezhnev
position of US
isolated at first
V-E Day
March 1943-Russian army crosses the German border
US and Russian forces meet on the Elbe River
Hitler commits suicide after the Soviet Army surrounded Berlin
Victory in Europe Day- May 7, 1945, Germany surrenders
why fascism was appealing
The fascists promised to make a strong government- this was attractive for the public after a long period of instability.
archduke of austria who’s assassination started WWI
Francis Ferdinand
causes of international tensions in 1900s
nationalism
what was the reasons for civil war in yugoslavia
- they had many different ethnic groups that did not get along
- ‘ethnic cleansing’ where serbs killed many people
treaty about Germany and Russia that ended the fighting on the Eastern front, taking Russia out of the war
Brest-Litovsk Treaty
mein kampf
- extreme German nationalism, strong anti-Semitism, and anticommunism are linked together by a Social Darwinian theory of struggle
- emphasizes the right of superior nations to lebensraum through expansion
- upholds the right of superior individuals to gain authoritarian leadership over the masses
what were the 4 main causes of WWI?
Alliances
Imperialism
Militarism
Nationalism
to divide
partition
lenin’s ecomonic plan
- wanted to end civil war -
- started rebuilding state and economy -
- didn’t want to do war communism -
- small businesses allowed to open for profit -
- stopped taking grain from peasants -
- goal to improve standard of living - c
- ontrolled money, transportation, foreign and communication -
- brought rapid economic recovery
- industries and agriculture prospered
Marshall Plan
USA helped rebuild Europe by giving them money. This would increase foreign trade and prevent communism.
responses by league to italy and japan’s aggressiveness
Western domocracies took little action to stop Italian, Japanese, and German aggression. The League of Nations protested the Japanese army seizing of machuria in north eastern china but took no action. The league respomded weekly when Mussolini invaded Ethiopia because Britain and Frace were weary of war and caught up in their own economic crisis.
what persuaded britain to partition the subcontinent of pakistan
rioting between the hindus and muslims
why did the cold war end?
The Cold War ended because there was peace made with the US and Russia and because the USSR collapsed
form of government where one party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens
totalitarian state
Stalin
- turned soviet union into a modern industrial power, goal was to create an industrial giant, forced peasants to give up private lands and to live on either state owned farms or collectives
- early goal was to create an industrial giant - strick command economy
- ruthless soviet leader who industrialized soviet union
- five year plan turn soviet union into modern industrial power - brought all economy activities under govt control - soviet union developed command economy - oil, coal, and steel production grew - govt owned all businesses - forced peasants to give up land - standard of living was very poor
effect of cold war in europe
- iron curtain
- berlin blockade
Lenin
- new economic plan and its effects -
- wanted to end civil war -
- started rebuilding state and economy -
- didn’t want to do war communism -
- small businesses allowed to open for profit -
- stopped taking grain from peasants -
- goal to improve standard of living -
- controlled money, transportation, foreign and communication -
- brought rapid economic recovery,
- industries and agriculture prospered
conditions and terms of the treaty of versailles?
- had more negative effects than positive
- germany was forced to pay over $30 billion in reparations putting them into a deep depression
- japan and russia felt resentment toward allies
- russia started a communist party
- germany had to take full responsibility for the war
- germany had to reduce its weapons and size of its army
- germany ahd to give up territory
how are fascism and communism similiar
- disregards for individual rights
- one party
- strong nationalistic feelings
soviet bloc countries
- east germany
- soviet union
- czechoslovakia
- bulgaria
- albania
- hungary
- romania
which of the following was a problem caused by communism in the soviet union?
- low output of goods
- high rent
- overabundant food crops
- lack of health care
low output of goods
what city in vietnam fell in 1975 to end the war?
saigon
Holocaust
The systematic mass slaughter of Jews and other groups judged inferior by the Nazis
restructuring of the soviet government and economy in the 1980s
perestroika
saigon fell to ______
vietnamese
'’dirty” in India
untouchables
- Soviet leader from 1955- 1964; had the policy of “de-stalinization”; wanted a “peaceful coexistence” with the west; warsaw pact; sputnik; Berlin wall built; U-2 spy plan, Cuban Missile crisis
- leader of Russia during the Cuban Missile Crisis
Nikita Khrushchev
what were the effects of the treaty of versailles?
- alsace and lorraine was returned to france
- poland became an independent country
- austria-hungary was split up and yugoslavia was created
- finland, lithuania, latvia and czechoslovakia were made independent
- all german and turkish colonies were taken away and put under allied control
- japan asked allies to give them land in china but they said no
Hiroshima & Nagasaki
Hiroshima- August 6, 1945 Nagasaki-August 9, 1945. These two events are the only active deployments of nuclear weapons in war to date. For six months, the United States had made use of intense strategic fire-bombing of 67 Japanese cities. US clued for surrender of Japan in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26, 1945. The Japanese government ignored this ultimatum. By executive order of President Harry S. Truman, the U.S. dropped the nuclear weapon “Little Boy” on the city of Hiroshima on Monday, August 6, 1945, followed by the detonation of “Fat Man” over Nagasaki on August 9. This made Japan surrender from the war.
causes of the korean war
- japanese occupation
- korean nationalism
- communism vs. capitalism
- division of korea
- ambitions of kim and rhee
- north korea’s invasion of the south
why did british declare war during WWI?
- because germany attacked belgium
what was the one way yeltsin tried to resolve russia’s economic problems in the 1990s
- by refusing western aid
- by privatizing most state run industries
- by removing gorbachev from office
- by ending glasnost
by privatizing most state run industries
glorification of the military
militarism
peace,land and bread
lenin’s promise for Russia
Warsaw pact
The Warsaw fact was a military alliance between all of the communist east European countries, headed by the Soviet Union in 1955.
It was designed as a response to NATO. Members were to support each other if attacked.
spreading of ideas to promote a certain cause or to damage an opposing cause
propaganda
why did wwi start?
- austrian archduke ferdinand was assassinated
- a local conflict became an international war because of alliance obligations
- Serbia and Austria quickly moved toward war
- Austria issued an ultimatum to Serbia
- Serbia agreed to most of Austria’s demands, not all
- On July 28, 1914, Austria declared war on Serbia
minority ethnic group in india/pakistan who faced persecution
kurds
why was the berlin wall built?
to prevent East Germans from escaping to democrate West Berlin and to keep East and West Berlin seperated
to make country modern industrialist
turn soviet union into modern industrial power - brought all economy activities under govt control - soviet union developed command economy - oil, coal, and steel production grew - govt owned all businesses - forced peasants to give up land - standard of living was very poor
stalins goal of a leader
five year plan?
belief that if one nation fell to communism, neighboring nations would also fall, like a row of falling dominoes
domino theory
reason Hitler signed non-aggression pact with Russia
This was the surprise move by Hitler to secure his Eastern front, giving him the green light to march on Poland, and after that, his march on the Western Democracies. Though Hitler and Stalin were foes, Stalin hoped that Germany and the Western Democracies would kill each other off, leaving him the ruler of Europe. At long last Britain and France realized the folly of appeasement. Roosevelt promptly issued Neutrality proclamations including the Cash-and-Carry system. With this pact, World War II was only hours away.
Third Reich
a 1930’s government started by Hitler
what were the causes of international tensions before WWI
- Economic Rivalries
- battle for land
- allies relationships.
results of Great Purge
- increase stalin’s power
Youth in Italy taught
militarism
reasons for Japan’s interest in Manchuria
resources, imperial goals
policy of openness instituted by soviet leader mikhail gorbachev in the 1980s
glasnost
illiterate peasant and self proclaimed, influenced by alexandra, killed by people who feared the monarchy, killed on December 29, 1916
Rasputin
The secret military police in Nazi Germany. They were involved in the destruction on Kristallnacht.
Gestapo
relied on secret police, last of romanov family, left throne in WWI, abdicated in 1917
nicholas II
what was the intention of the alliances in wwi
To protect each other and increase military strength
an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security
united nations
- set up at the end of WWII
- settled disputes
Last leader of USSR. Eases up on restrictions. Makes reforms “glasnost” and “perestroika” to fix internal weaknesses. wanted reforms to shift from planned econ. to market econ. , change from one party to multi party state, change from Russian dominate empire to equal republics, faced huge problems. in foreign affairs cut defense budgets and promotes democratization of E. European nations. wins nobel peace prize for helping end communism (was not his goal at all and did not expect it to happen)
mikhail gorbachev
caused by stalin’s fear - he used terror, propaganda, censorship and religious persecution to become the totalitarian leader of russia - bolsheviks charged with many crimes - bolsheviks sent to labor camps - many executed - more than 4 million deaths
The Great Purge
blitzkrieg
German term meaning “lightning war”, used to describe Germany’s novel military tactics in World War II, which involved the rapid movement of infantry, tanks, and airpower over large areas
Night of Broken Glass, Nov 9 1938 night when the Nazis killed or injured many jews and destroyed many jewish propertys
Kristallnacht
cambodian communist guerrillas who overthrew the government and unleashed a reign of terror in cambodia
khmer rouge
italian political party under mussolini
fascist party
what was the attraction of socialism
it appealed to the working class
what were yeltsin’s solutions
- privatized state run industries
- collective farms
- shock therapy
problems after the fall of communism
- yeltsin had trouble making economy better
- economic problems led to political crisis
- war in chechnya
describe the economy of E. Germany
got aid from W. Germany
what was the relationship between US and Vietnam in the 80s?
they were allies
