final Flashcards
mitosis
vision of the cells nucleus
asexual
single-parent, parts split off to form a new organism, quick and easy
sexual
to cells from two different parents join
crossing over
exchanging portions of chromatids
why is meiosis responsible for genetic diverse city
because it produces four different genetically different cells
what is the end product of meiosis
four haploid daughter cells
haploid
Single set of genes
diploid
both sets of homolog is chromosomes
what is a gamete, what is the male and female
sex cell, sperm, egg
if an organisms diploid number is 18 it’s haploid number is
nine
name the four bases found in DNA
nitrogenous , cytosine, thigh mean
for bases found an RNA
A U , C, G
what else is found in a nuclear tide of DNA
deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogen
what sugar is found in RNA
glucose
phenotype
physical characteristics of an organism
karyotype
set of photographs of chromosomes group and ordered pairs
homozygous
two identical alleles
heterozygous
two different alleles
transcription
DNA is copied into RNA
translation
decoding of mRNA
incomplete dominance
One allele is not completely dominant over another
nondisjunction
homolog is chromosomes fail to separate
autosomes
nonsex chromosomes
what do you jeans contain instructions for
traits
incomplete dominance example
Red and white flowers
if your blood type was a day what could you get blood from, B, AB, O
b-b, o
ab- a, b, ab, o
o- o
meiosis
chromosomes cut in half
female pedigree
open circle
male pedigree
open square
marriage
line
affected female
closed circle
affected male
closed square
47XX+21
Down syndrome
46XY
normal male
cladogram
evolutionary relationships of organisms
geologic time scale
evolutionary time
Rick layers age
oldest on top newest on bottom
geographic isolation, how does it effect evolution
two organisms separated physically by barrier
convolution
two different species involve from changes
convergent evolution
unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities from environment
adaptive radiation
single species of a group evolves into different species
adaptation
inherited characteristics that increase chance of survival
gene pool
combined genetic information of all members in a particular population
natural selection
better suited organisms survive
artificial selection
selection of humans breeding
species
similar organism that can breed and produce offspring
relative dating
comparing placement to other fossils
radioactive dating
based on remaining amount of isotopes
index fossil
distinctive fossil used to compare relative age of fossils
how old is the earth
4.5 billion years
what did the skull lab show
evolution over time
human DNa and chimpanzee dna
98% alike
survival of the fittest
the organisms who adapt survive
Lamarcks ideas on change
selective use
Darwins discoveries about finches
different on different islands
homeostasis
organisms maintain a stable internal environment
autonomic nervous system
automatic impulses
cerebrum
voluntary actions
cerebellum
body movements
sensory neurons
nerve to spinal cord
Moter neurons
brain and spinal cords to muscles
interneurons
sensory and motor neurons
neurotransmitters
transfer neurons across synapse
synapse
impulse to another cells
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
components of blood
air blood and cells
plasma
straw colored fluid, 55% of blood
what happens to white blood cells during infection
engulf foreign cells, fight
what blood cells are most numerous
red
lymphatic system
collects lost blood and returns to circulatory system
lymph
lost fluid
flow of blood
left aria, ventricles, right atria
aorta
brings oxygen rich blood to body
how does oxygen get to blood
aorta
hemoglobin
iron proteins from blood to muscles
veins vs arteries
artery- large to tissues and veins
veins- blood to heart
capillaries
smallest blood vessels
diaphragm
increases chest volume
trachea
windpipe
bronchioles
trachea to lungs
alveoli
air sacks
larynx
vocal
lung
how we breathe
why does trachea have cartilage rings
support
hormones
produced in one part that effects another
how does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis
feedback mechanisms
nephron
blood filtering unit in kidney
filtrate
gets bad stuff out of blood
dialysis
filters blood for you
why is water lost from body
pee, sweat, breathing
endocrine system made of
hormones
pituitary gland
regulates body functions and controls actions
two functions of pancreas
hold glucose in blood stable
what happens when insulin isn’t produced
diabetes
adrenal glands
deal with stress, hats okay kidney
thyroid gland
regulates metabolism, trachea
digestive system
mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestine, large intestine,
villi
increases surface area in stomach
liver help in digestion
produces enzymes
large intestine
takes extra water
chemical digestion
breaks down food with enzymes
mechanical digestion
physically breaks down food
amylase
enzyme in saliva, breaks chemical bonds
proteins
carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen