FFL-TFL Grammar Review Flashcards
In the active voice, the subject ___.
performs the action of the verb
Which demonstrative means the famous when it follows a noun?
ille illa illud
The future perfect tense endings are identical to ___ except for the ___.
the future tense of sum; 3rd person plural
Most 4th-declension nouns are ___ gender, but two common exceptions are ___.
masculine; domus and manus
The preposition cum takes the ___ case, and when combined with 1st/2nd personal pronouns results in what forms?
ablative; mecum, tecum, nobiscum, vobiscum
The 3rd person reflexive pronouns in Latin are ___.
sui sibi se, se
The declension a noun belongs to is determend by the ___ ending.
genitive singular
Most 5th-declension nouns are ___ gender, but one common exception is ___.
feminine; dies
The reflexive pronoun reflects back on the ___, is always in the ___, and never in the ___ case.
subject; predicate; nominative
In a sentence with a purpose clause, the main verb is in the ___ and the purpose clause is in the ___.
indicative; subjunctive
A subordinate clause that uses the subjunctive is the ___.
purpose clause
The intensive pronoun in Latin is ___.
ipse
A subjunctive clause is made negative by using the conjunction
ne
Usually an adjective of ___ precedes a noun, and an adjective of ___ follows a noun.
quantity or size; quality
Verbs that can take a direct object are called ___ verbs, and verbs that do not take a direct object are called ___.
transitive; intransitive
Give the stem vowels for all four conjugations.
1st - a, 2nd - ē, 3rd - none, 4th - i
How do you find the stem of a Latin noun?
Drop the genitive singular ending.
The verbs in a sentence with a purpose clause must ___ in tense.
correspond
The perfect subjunctive is identical to the ___ tense expect for ___.
future perfect; the 1st person singular
The present system of the 4th conjugation is essentially the same as the 3rd conjugation with the addition of ___.
the stem vowel i
A participle is a ___.
verbal adjective
Latin does not have the English articles ___.
a, an, the
Do the possessive pronoun adjectives function like adjectives or pronouns?
adjectives
What are the two ways to show possession in English?
preposition of and ’s
In Latin the indirect object is in the ___ case.
dative
Some adjectives use their ___ forms as adverbs. These forms end in either ___ or ___.
Two examples are ___ and ___.
neutuer singular accusative; -um; -e
multum, fácile
What is the neuter rule?
nominative and accusative endings are the same
nominative and accusative plural ending is -a
Demonstrative pronouns can be used as both ___.
pronouns and adjectives
The indicative mood describes activity that is ___.
real, actual
The future perfect tense is built on the ___ stem.
perfect
Give the two neuter and two feminine nouns of the 4th declension.
Cornu and genu are neutuer, and domus and manus are feminine.
What English helping verbs translate the future perfect tense?
will have
Give the six common question words in English.
who, what, when, where, why how
The persent subjunctive is formed by ___ or ___ these vowels before the personal ending:
1st conj. ___
2nd conj. ___
3rd conj. ___
3rd conj. io ___
4th conj. ___
adding; changing
substitute e for a
add a
substitute a for i, o, u
add a
add a
The infinitive of the 4th conjugation is
-ire
Give three vocative expressions that illustrate the vocative rule.
Et tu, Brute?
Benedic Dómine nos
fili mi
The perfect tense is built on the ___ stem.
perfect
Give two prepositions that can either take the ablative or the accusative case.
in, sub
Give an exampole of degrees of comparison in English using the adjective great.
great, greater, greatest
The stem vowel of the 2nd conjugation is ___.
ē
Give the five vowel letters and their long sounds in Latin.
a, e, i, o, u
/ah/ /ay/ /ee/ /oh/ ōō/
In Enlgish, some adjectives require a ___ to complete their thought.
prepositional phrase
The perfect system is ___ regular in all four conjugations.
perfectly
What are the two types of direct questions?
1) questions introduced by question words
2) questions answered with a yes or no
The 3rd person reflexive pronoun adjective in Latin is ___.
suus sua suum
Verb families are called ___.
conjugations
The genitive singular of the 5th declension is ___.
-ei
In Latin an adjective must agree with its noun in ___, ___, and ___, but not ___.
gender, number, case; declension
Give the names for the three forms of the English present tense.
simple present, progressive present, emphatic present
Verb familes are called ___, and noun families are called ___.
conjugations; declensions
Name the four verb complements you have learned.
predicate nominative, predicate adjective, direct object, indirect object
Give the Pronoun Agreement Rule.
A pronoun agress with its antecedent in gender and number, but its case is determined by its function in its own clause.
What does an adjective do?
An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
How many of the seven basic sentence patterns have complements?
six
Three exceptions to the 1st-declension gender rule are ___.
agricola, nauta, poeta
Nostrum and vestrum are used for the ___ genitive.
partitive
The ___ implies a comparison among more than two persons or things.
superlative
Masculine and feminine nouns of the 3rd declension have ___ case endings.
the same
Give two examples of adjectives used as nouns in English.
the poor, the good, the bad, the ugly, the tired, the weary, etc.
Nostri and vestri are used for the ___ genitive.
objective
In what three respects does hic refer to something close to the speaker?
time, space, thought
What English helping verbs translate the Latin perfect tense?
have, has, did
Which demonstrative is also used as the 3rd person personal pronoun?
is ea id
The infinitive ending for all 1st conjugation verbs is ___.
-are
Give three translations for amavi.
I loved, I have loved, I did love
Give the three nominative singular endings for 2nd-declension masculine nouns.
-us, -er, -ir
When the action of the verb is performed by a NON-LIVING THING, the construction is called ___ and the preposition is ___.
ablative of means; omitted
The superlative adjective is declined like ___.
bonus -a -um
A deliberative question is asked in ___ or ___ and is expressed in English by the helping verb ___.
doubt; indignation; should
What is the first complement in this text?
the complementary infinitive
Latin often uses the ___ as a noun to describe a group of people or things.
masculine or neuter nominative plural adjective
How do you find the perfect stem?
Drop -i from the 3rd principal part.
The genitive singular of a 2nd-declension noun always ends in ___.
-i
Give the singular and plural imperatives of sum.
es, este
Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender.
- -us nouns with masculine gender
- -um nouns with neuter gender
The tenses that make up the present system are ___, ___, ___ and they are built on the ___.
perfect, pluperfect, future perfect; perfect stem
Give the six attributes of a Latin verb.
conjugation, person, number, tense, voice, mood
To form the plural imperative of all but the 3rd conjugation add ___ to the singular imperative
-te
Give the Latin word for we: ___ for us:
nos; nos
A superlative adjective used to indicate degree rather than comparisons means ___.
very
Prepositions that express motion forward generally take what case?
accusative
Give the three exceptions to the Vocative Rule.
meus = mi
deus = deus
Jesus = Jesu
The ___ can be used to show purpose in English, but not in Latin.
infinitive
The subject tells
who or what the sentence is about
Some adjectives, especially of quantity and number, form adverbs with the ___.
accusative singular
Always in Latin and usually in English, c, g, and sc are hard before
a, o, u, consonants
What are the two types of adjectives in Latin
1st/2nd-declension and 3rd-declension
The accent is on the ___ unless the ___ is marked.
penult; antepenult
Give the dative and ablative plural of fília and dea.
filiabus, deabus
What is an antecedent?
An antecedent is the noun the pronoun takes the place of.
What is Sentence Pattern #2?
Subject + Verb + Direct Object
The 4th principal part is a ___.
participle
To form the passive forms of the present system, substitute ___ personal endings for ___ personal endings.
passive; active
What is the difference between a phrase and a clause?
A phrase does not have a subject and a verb, and a clause does.
The degrees of comparison are:
positive, comparitive, superlative
Give the three moods of Latin verbs.
indicative, imperative, subjunctive
Nouns that name non-living things have ___ gender.
grammatical
The present system of 3rd io verbs looks exactly like ___.
the present system of the 4th conjugation
3rd declension adjectives of two and three terminations are changed into adverbs by ___.
adding -iteror-er to the stem
The Latin comparitive is declined like a regular ___ noun.
3rd declension
What is Sentence Pattern #5
subject + verb + I.O. + D.O.
What English word adds an additional letter before words that begin with vowels?
a
Give two common indeclinable nouns.
satis nihil
What is the name of the 2nd principal part?
infinitive
The English infinitive is written with the particle ___ before the verb.
to
How many kinds of pronouns are there? Name them in pairs.
8: personal, possessive; reflexive, intensive; interrogative, relative; demonstrative, indefinite
What is the to/for case?
dative
To show possession in the 1st and 2nd person, use the possessive pronoun adjectives:
meus tuus noster vester
Adverbs stand ___ the verbs they modify.
before
What three declensions have nouns ending in -us in the nominative?
2nd, 3rd, 4th
Give the two voices of Latin verbs.
active and passive
Draw the gender triangle
Gender Triangle
Give the English forms of the to be verb.
am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
The Naught Nine have irregular forms in what cases?
genitive and dative
The subjunctive mood is used mainly in __.
subordinate clauses
Latin prepositions govern either the ___ or ___ case.
ablative; accusative
The subject and verb must agree in ___.
person and number
How can you know the gender of a 3rd-declension noun?
You have to memorize it.
What are the three complements covered in this text?
direct object, predicate adjective, predicate nominative
What is Sentence Pattern #4?
Subject + Linking verb + Predicate Nominative
Remember ___ for the 3rd conjugation imperative forms.
surge, súrgite
What is an appositive?
a word that follows a noun and renames it
When used togetherk, ille and hic mean, respectively, ___.
the former, the latter
Most 3rd declsnion nouns ending in -us are what gender?
neuter
The pluperfect tense is built on the ___ stem.
perfect
Four confusing words with the root of liber are ___.
liberi liberorum (children)
liber libri (book)
liber libera liberum (free)
libero (1) (to set free)
Define pronoun.
A pronoun takes the place of a noun.
What is the subject case?
nominative
Give three irregular singular imperatives.
dic, duc, fac
Some nouns have only plural forms. An example is ___.
liberi liberorum
If the verb of the main clause is in the present or future, the verb of the purpose clause is in the ___.
present subjunctive
The ___ is descriptive.
positive
The imperfect tense is used to describe an ___, ___, ___ or ___ ___action.
ongoing, repeated, habitual; interrupted
In Latin grammar, perfect means ___.
finished
Give the 2nd person reflexive/intensive pronouns in English.
yourself, yourselves
The genitive of 1st- and 2nd-person pronouns is used for ___ expressions that do not show ___.
of; possession
The future perfect tense describes what kind of action?
a future action that will be completed prior to another future action
Which cardinale numbers are declined?
uno, duo, tres
In Latin and English, hard c has the sound of
/k/
Give an example of Sentence Pattern #5 in Latin.
Maria Marco rosam dedit.
A comparitive adjective used to indicate degree rather than comparison means ___.
rather, too, more than the average
Give three translations for the Latin noun mensa.
table, a table, the table
The three ways in Latin to express this prepositional phrase are by ___.
case, preposition, infinitive.
Many 1st/2nd-declension adjectives can be changed into adverbs by adding ___ to the adjective stem.
-ē
Give two Latin words that have the long sound of the five vowels.
glória Jesu
Prepositions that expression location, no motion, or motion from, take what case?
ablative
What kind of verbs have indirect objects?
Give Latin examples.
giving and telling
do, demonstro, núntio, narro
What is the in/by/with/from case?
ablative
Soft c has the sound of ___ in English and ___ in Latin.
/s/; /ch/
In Latin the possessive noun is is in the ___ case.
genitive
A clause that cannot stand alone is a ___ clause.
subordinate
How do you write cum with the 1st/2nd-person pronuns?
mecum tecum nobiscum vobiscum
3rd-declension nouns that have a genitive plural in -ium are called ___.
i-stems
Forms of is and ea mean he and she when referring to ___, and it when referring to ___.
persons; things with grammatical gender
What kind of verb is never followed by a direct object?
the verb sum, the to be verb
What two Latin prepositions are similar to this word?
a/ab, e/ex
In English, many positive adjectives can be changed into comparisons by adding ___ and changed into superlatives by adding ___.
-er; -est
The 3rd person personal pronoun is ___.
is ea id
The Latin comparitive is formed by adding ___ and ___ to the stem.
-ior; -ius
3rd io verbs belong to the 3rd conjugation because their infinitive ends in ___.
-ere
The superlative adjective is formed by adding ___ to the stem.
-issimus, -rimus, or -limus
To what does the case of a noun refer?
the job (function) of a noun in a sentence
The genitive of is ea id is used to show ___ but functions as a ___.
possession; pronoun
How do you form yes or no questions in English?
by placing the helping verb first
What is the one irregularity in the present passive system of each conjugation?
1st conjugation - 2nd-person singular of future tense beris
2nd conjugation - 2nd-person singular of future tense beris
3rd conjugation - 2nd-person singular of present tense eris
3rd io conjugation - 2nd-person singular of present tense eris
4th conjugation - NONE
Give the three kinds of 1st/2nd declension adjectives.
regular (bonus -a -um), er adjectives (drop or retain the e), the Naughty Nine
A appositive agrees with its noun or pronoun in ___, and usually but not necessarily in ___.
case; gender and number
Numbers which indicate the order of things in a series are called ___ numbers.
ordinal
What is Sentence Pattern #3?
Subject + Linking verb + Predicate Adjective
How do you find the perfect stem for all four conjugations?
Drop the i from the 3rd principal part.
An adverb most commonly modifies a verb by answering the questions ___.
how, when, where, to what extent
Give two ways to use the subjunctive in an independent clause.
hortatory subjunctive and deliberate questions
The genitive singular of the 4th declension always ends in ___.
-ūs
The two basic parts of a sentence are ___.
the subject and the predicate
Nouns that name male or female persons or animals have ___ gender. Give three English examples.
natural; sister, brother, father, queen, king, uncle, etc.
How many conjugations are there? Name them.
four; first, second, third, fourth
Verbs have ___ endings and nouns have ___ endings.
personal, tense; case
The stem vowel of the 1st conjugation is __.
a
The predicate tells ___
what the subject is or does
To form the singular imperative of all four conjugations, drop ___ from the infinitive
-re
Define adverb.
An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
Define preposition.
A preposition shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence.
The natural gender rule ___ all other gender rules.
trumps
Adjectives with stems ending in a vowel are usually compared with the adverbs ___.
magis, máximē
Give two uses of the demonstrative iste.
1) point out something close to the person spoken to
2) in contempt
Give the regular endings for the principal parts of 1st conjugation verbs.
-o -are -avi -atus
What English helping verb translates the pluperfect tense?
had
Many 3rd declension adjectives can be changed into adverbs by adding ___ to the adjective stem.
-iter
Give the four demonstrative pronouns.
is ea id, hic haec hoc, ille illa illud, iste ista istud
The three genders are ___.
masculine, feminine, neuter
What kind of pronouns point out persons or things?
demonstrative
Counting numbers are called ___ numbers.
cardinal
The genitive singular of a 1st-declension noun always ends in ___.
-ae
A clause is part of a sentence that has
a subject and a verb
What is the of case?
genitive
Something that completes the action of the verb is a ___.
complement
The 3rd conjugation does not have a stem with a consistent ___.
stem vowel
A clause that can stand alone is an ___ clause.
independent
Give the four attributes of nouns.
declension, gender, number, and case
Give three kinds of 3rd declension adjectives.
1, 2, 3 terminations
The usual word order for a Latin sentence is ___.
subject - direct object - verb
Give the names, from left to right, of the last three syllables of a Latin word.
antepenult; penult; ultima
What are the two ways to show an indirect object in English?
the preposition to; word order - the indirect object precedes the direct object
Give the Vocative Rule.
The vocative is the same as nominative except in the 2nd-declension masculine singular where -us changes to -e and -ius to -i.
In adjectives and adverbs, there are ___.
degrees of comparison
A deliberative question uses the ___ subjunctive for present time and the ___ subjunctive for past time.
present; imperfect
The present system is built on the ___.
present stem
The infinitive ending for 2nd-conjugation verbs is ___; and for 3rd-conjugation verbs is ___.
-ēre; -ere
Give two latin examples where an adjective is used as a noun to describe a group of people or things.
multa (many things), nostri (our men), multi (many people)
What English helping verbs translate the imperfect tense?
were, was
In English, other adjectives and adverbs are compared by means of the words ___.
more and most
Give the regular endings for the principal parts of 2nd-conjugation verbs.
-eo -ēre -ui -itus
The 1st person is the person ___.
The 2nd person is the person ___.
The 3rd person is the person ___.
speaking
spoken to
spoken about
An intensive pronoun ___ another word in the sentence.
emphasizes
How do you form yes or no questions in Latin?
Add the enclitic -ne to the end of the first word, usually the verb.
Give the three grammar persons.
first person, second person, third person
When the action of the passive verb is performed by a LIVING AGENT, the construction is called ___ and requires the preposition ___.
the ablative of agent; a/ab
3rd declension nouns ending in ___ are usually feminine, and those ending in ___ are always feminine.
-o; -tas -tatis
The superlative of regular adverbs is formed by ___.
adding -ē to the superlative stem
Although 3rd-conjugation verbs do not have regular principal parts, they do have ___ that will help you remember them. What is the pattern for verbs like rego?
patterns
-o -ere -xi -ctus
Give two indications a noun may be an i-stem and an example of each.
(1) same number of syllables in nominative and genitive - collis collis
(2) stem ends in two consonants - pons pontis
What sentence helps you remember the vowel changes in the subjunctive?
We beat a liar.
What is the indirect object case?
dative
A prepositional phrase consists of the preposition and its ___
object (and modifiers)
1st/ 2nd declension adjectives are changed into adverbs by ___.
adding -ē to the stem
Ther imperative mood is used for
commands
Give the 3rd person reflexive/intensive pronouns in English.
himself, herself, itself, themselves
Give an example of an ablative of means.
Galli gládio superantur. The Gauls are overcome by the sword.
The pluperfect tense endings are identical to ___.
the imperfect tense of sum
Name the cases in order.
nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative
The perfect tense describes what kind of action?
a one-time action completed in the past
If the verb of the main clause is in the past, the verb of the purpose clause is in the ___.
imperfect subjunctive
The ___ implies a comparison a comparison among more than two persons or things.
comparitive
How many declensions are there? Name them.
five; 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th
The active perfect and pluperfect subjunctives are built on the ___ stem by adding ___ and ___, respectively.
perfect; eri; isse
A vocative noun is often used with an ___ verb and usually is not the ___ word in the sentence.
imperative; first
In English, reflexive and intensive pronouns end in ___.
-self, -selves
A negative clause of purpose replaces ut with ___.
ne
In the 3rd conjugation, you must chop to the ___ to find the present stem.
root
The forms for ___ and ___ pronouns are identical in English, but different in Latin.
reflexive; intensive
How do you find the present stem?
Drop re from the infinitive
The tenses of the perfect passive system are ___ verbs.
compound
Why is the 3rd conjugation an old maid?
It has no bo’s in the future.
The vocative case is the case of ___.
direct address
What English helping verb translates the Latin future tenses?
will
The subjunctive mood describes activity that is ___.
potential
3rd-declension adjectives are related to ___.
i-stem nouns
In Latin grammar, imperfect means ___.
not finished
In English I praise is the ___ present, I am praising is the ___ present, and I do praise is the ___ present.
simple; progressive; emphatic
The 1st/2nd person personal and reflexive pronouns are ___ in Latin.
identical
How many Latin tenses are there? Name them.
six; present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
Give some English words that express the subjunctive.
may, might, let, should, could, would
The infinitive ending for all 2nd-conjugation verbs is ___.
-ēre
The indicative mood is used for
statements and questions
Give the two grammar numbers.
singular, plural
Which two tenses are missing from the subjunctive?
future, future perfect
Two nouns or pronouns compared using the adverb quam must be ___.
in the same case
The three tenses that make up the present system are ___.
present, imperfect, future
Give an example of the ablative of agent.
Galli a Caésare superantur. The Gauls are overcome by Caesar.
In Latin, gn is pronounced like ___. Give two examples.
/ny/; pugno (I fight), magnus (large)
In the passive voice, the subject ___.
receives the action of the verb
How can you remember the variable vowels in the 3rd conjugation present system?
AE in future, IOU in present
2nd declension -er nouns either ___ or ___ the e in the stem.
drop; retain
The imperfect tense sign is ___.
ba
What are the two kinds of direct objects covered in this text?
complementary infinitive, direct object in the accusative case
1st-declension nouns are usually what gender?
feminine
The to be verb shows ___, not ___.
existence; action
Give the 1st person reflexive/intensive pronouns in English.
myself, ourselves
Always in Latin and usually in English, c, g, and sc are soft before
e, i, ae, oe
2nd-declension -um nouns are always ___ in gender.
neuter
The meaning of the subjunctive must be determined by the ___, but we will use the helping verbs ___ for recitation.
context; may and might
The hortatory subjunctive is used to express ___, ___, ___ and is usually translated with ___.
exhortation, indirect command, strong wish; let or may.
Give three reasons for using a personal pronoun in the nominative case (as a subject).
clarity, contrast, emphasis
The genitive singular of a 3rd-declension noun always ends in ___.
-is
Give the Adjective Agreement Rule.
An adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case, but not declension.
What are principal parts? How many are there?
The forms that provide the stems needed to conjugate a verb in all its tenses. There are usually four principal parts.
The subjunctive mood is used for
potential action, such as opinions, purpose, and wishes
What is the direct object case?
accusative
What is the possessive case?
genitive
The genitive of 1st/2nd declension pronouns is used for ___ expressions that do not show ___.
of; possession
The comparitive of regular adverbs is the ___.
neuter singular nominative form
The pluperfect tense describes what kind of action?
a past action completed prior to another past action
2nd-declension -us nouns are usually ___ in gender.
masculine
The usual word order for an English sentence is ___.
subject - verb - direct object
What is Sentence Pattern #1?
Subject + Verb
