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Nutrition Final: A > Feeding and nutrition of dairy and beef heifers, fattening of beefs > Flashcards

Feeding and nutrition of dairy and beef heifers, fattening of beefs Flashcards

1
Q

When does heifer nutrition begin?

A

When the calf is 5-6mnths at 200kg

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2
Q

Dairy heiufers- type of growth (3)

A
  1. Isometric growth from birth to weaning 0-3mnths (remember weaning takes places at 80-90 days)
  2. Allometric growth from day 90- the BW incr at the onset of puberty is WEIGHT not age dependent - there is a critical period when fat is deposited in the udder thus decr milk prod
  3. Isometric growth again until calving
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3
Q

Timeline: ages, weights and events

A
  • 0: 40-50kg
  • 3mnths: 80-110kg WEANING
  • 5-6mnths: 200kg
  • 10mnths: PUBERTY
  • 15mnths: 330-350kg: INSEM
  • 24mnths: 520kg 1ST CALVING
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4
Q

Timeline ages and types of growth

A
  • 0-3mnths: Isometric
  • 3-10mnths: allometric
  • 10-24mnths: isometric
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5
Q

Length of gestation

A

283 days

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6
Q

Body condition at 2 critical times

A

At insem

  • Age: 13-15mnths
  • Withers: 110-120cm
  • BW: min 350kg

At heifer rearing (same time as calving)

  • Age: 24mnths
  • Withers: 130cm
  • BW: 520kg
  • BCS: 3.5
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7
Q

Rearing intensities- what are the 5 method of rearing

A

Rearing=feeding level

  1. Very slow
  2. Intense
  3. Moderate
  4. Physio intense
  5. Combined
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8
Q

Rearing intensities: very slow

A

Low BW gain

Late breeding at 18 mnths

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9
Q

Rearing intensities: intense

A

800-900g daily gain

Breeding before 18mnths

Improved milk yield BUT overfattened

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10
Q

Rearing intensities: moderate

A

Small frame

700g daily gain

Breeding before 18mnths

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11
Q

Rearing intensities: Physio intense

A

1000-1200g daily gain

Breeding at 12-13mnths

Economical but difficult calving

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12
Q

Nutrient requirements of dairy heifers (6)

A
  1. NEm
  2. NEg
  3. CP
  4. CF
  5. Protein
  6. Energy: Protein ratio
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13
Q

Nutrient requirement of dairy heifers: NEm

A

0.3514 x BW to the power of 0.75

23-24 MJ/kg DM

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14
Q

Nutrient requirement of dairy heifers: NEg

A

26.8 MJ/kg DM

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15
Q

Nutrient requirement of dairy heifers: CP

A

10-11%

Is low because ovaries are sensitive to NH3

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16
Q

Nutrient requirement of dairy heifers: CF

A

6%

17
Q

Nutrient requirement of dairy heifers: Protein

A

MP= microbial protein and UDP

18
Q

Nutrient requirement of dairy heifers: protein:E ratio

A

positive protein balance– incr urea– ammonia toxicosis (damaging to the ovaries)

19
Q

Feeds for dairy heifers (4)

A
  1. Roughages
  2. Concentrates
  3. NPN supplements
  4. Green forages
20
Q

Feeds for dairy heifers: Roughages

A

Should incr when there are incr VFA’s in the blood!- 13mg/L

  • Hays
  • Maize stalk
  • Silages and pasture
21
Q

Feeds for dairy heifers: concentrates

A

Small quantites

Should incr when the VFA’s of blood are low-9mg/L

22
Q

Feeds for dairy heifers:: NPN supplement

A

When the MP balance is neg

23
Q

Feeds for dairy heifers: green forages

A

6-7mnths: 15-18kg

9-12mnths: 20-25kg

24
Q

Feeding of dairy heifers in the winter time

A

Silage: 5-10kg

Conc: 2-3kg

Hay: 1-3kg

25
Q

Beef heifers timeline: age, weight and events

A
  • 0 mnths: 35-40kg
  • 6-7mnths: 240kg WEANING
  • 13-15mnths: 240-360kg MATING
  • 16-20mnths: 400-450kg
  • 24mnths: 470kg CALVING
26
Q

Beef heifers timeline: period 1 (5)

A
  1. goal: fast development to weaning
  2. No grazing
  3. Forages: 10-15kg- hay, straw and silage
  4. Conc: 1.5-2.5kg- barley:oat:corn 1:1:1
  5. Vits and mins
27
Q

Beef heifers timeline: period 2 (6)

A
  1. From weaning until mating
  2. BW is 70% of the adult weight
  3. 700-750g daily gain
  4. Feed of good digestibility
  5. Mate 2 wks before cows
  6. Flushing
28
Q

Beef heifers timeline: Period 3 and 4 (5)

A
  1. mating to calving
  2. On pasture
  3. Feed: corn stubble, protein and vit A
  4. 400g daily gain
  5. BCS of 6!! (nebraska system, about 2.5 in dairy cow system)
29
Q

Beef heifers timeline: period 4 (2)

A
  1. Suckling
  2. Mother is 85-90% of adult weight
30
Q

Nutrient content of feed for beef heifers- 2 things to mention

A

E for maint and milk prod

Protein

31
Q

Beef heifers: E for maint and milk prod

A

NEm: 0.322 x BW to the power of 0.75

NEl: 4.184 MJ/ kg of milk

32
Q

Beef heifers: protein

A
  • Factorial calculation: obtains CP% by calculating intake and loss
  • MP system
33
Q

Feed of beef heifers (7)

A
  1. As cheap as possible
  2. grazing and hays
  3. (conc)
  4. Sorghum
  5. Green wheat
  6. Whole corn plants
  7. NO NPN- not enough E for the microbiome
34
Q

Fattening of beefs- the 2 types of meat

A

Veal< 1yr and from dairy cow

Beef >1yr

35
Q

For growing bulls- what are the 2 fattening methods?

A

Traditional and intensive

Here: length of fattening from weaning vs Daily BWG vs End BW vs feeds

  • Traditional: 16-18mnths vs 1000g vs 500-600kg vs forage
  • Intensive: 13-15 mnths vs 1200g vs 500-600kg vs conc
36
Q

For angus, what are the 2 fattening methods?

A

Heifer and bull

Length of fattening from weaning vs daily BWG vs end BW vs feed

  • Heifer: 9-10mnths vs 1300g vs 550-600kg vs sorghum silage, oat and grass
  • Bull: 9-10mnths vs 1500g vs >650kg vs lucerne haylage and corn gluten feed
37
Q

Methods of fattening (7)

A
  1. calf fattening system
  2. Baby beef
  3. Young bull fattening
  4. Intensive young bull fattening
  5. Young dairy heifer
  6. Steers
  7. Improve old dairy cow
38
Q

Summer feeding of fattening beefs

A

See cows!

Incr the conc

39
Q

Winter feeding of fattening beefs

A

Silage

Protein supplements

Nutrition Final: A (28 decks)

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