FALL 2015 FINAL! Flashcards
Lens of the eye dose
15 REMS
LD 50/30= Lethal dose that can kill __1__ of exposed population in __2__ days. Range __3__gy
- 50%
- 30
- 3-4
_______ rays of 10-20 kVp used to treat acne and ringworm. German word for “boundary.”
Grenz
NCRP says tabletop dose for routine fluro CANNOT exceed __1__ R/min; High Level Control Fluoro (HCLF) CANNOT exceed __2__ at tabletop.
- 10
2. 20
Temporary sterility may our at gonadal dose of __1__ Gy; Permanent sterility at 5-6 Gy
- 2
2. 5-6
Whole body dose as low as ____ may cause a measurable hematologist depression
.25
Most radiosensitive/least radioresistant cells in body
Lymphocytes
Least radiosensitive/most radioresistant cells in body
Adult revenue cells
Photomirograph showing chromosomal “map”
Karotype
Cells are most radiosensitive during _______
Metaphase (M)
Indirect effect damage occurs __1__% of the time (due to __2__ o water); Direct effect of damage occurs __3__ of the time.
- 95
- Radiolysis
- 5%
Diagnostic and Leukemia are potted on linear _______ curves
Non-threshold
Somatic effects occur in the ________
Exposed individual
Late somatic effects that can be directly related to dose received.
Deterministic effect
Deterministic effect are not likely to occur from ______ imaging procedures
Diagnostic
Late somatic effects that do not have a threshold, occur in arbitrary manner, severity does not depend on dose, and can occur after high or possibly low lever exposures
Probabilistic Effects
__1__ means estimating the dose-used by radiobiologist to establish dose-response curve for diagnostic exposures.
Extrapolation
Cancer is the MOST important __1__ effect caused by exposure to __2__ radiation
- Stochastic somatic effect
2. Ionizing
Radial with dial painters=mostly young __1__ who suffered __2__ cancer (radial chemically similar to __3__)
- Women
- Bone
- Calcium
Early uranium miners suffered from high incidences of _____ cancer
Lung
Infants treated for an enlarged __1__ later suffered from __2__ cancer.
- Thymus glands
2. Thyroid
Known groups exposed to high levels of radiation include __1__ and __2__ (Japan 1945) and __3__ (Soviet Union 1986)
- Hiroshima
- Nagasaki
- Chernobyl
__1__ effects occur in offspring of exposed individuals. If both parents possess the point mutation»__2__, if only one»__3__ (probably won’t be seen for several generations
- Genetic
- Dominant
- Recessive
NCRP Report __1__ and Publication __2__ of ICRP are resources for EfD limiting system.
- 116
2. 60
Radiation ____ is hypothesis that a small amount of radiation is safe
Hormesis
implements US Radiation Protection Policies
NCRP
Controls manufacture and use of radioactive substances
NRC
Regulates design/manufacture of products used in radiation industry
FDA
Agreement states have agreements with __1__ to enforce radiation regulations through their __2__ departments
- NRC
2. Health
Non agreement states=
Both state and NRC enforce regulations
_____ oversees daily operations and develops safety programs
RSO
In 1968 __1__ was passed to protect public from hazards of unnecessary radiation exposure from electronic products (TV, mircowave, etc)
Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act
_____ of 1981 requires establish of minimal standards for accreditation of education programs
Consumer-patient radiation health and safety act
Nonstochastic Effects are biological __1__ effects that exhibit threshold dose __2__ which the effect does not normally occur and above with severity of damage increases as __3__ increases.
- Somatic
- Below
- Dose
Stochastic Effects are __1__, randomly occurring __2__ changes in which have of our fence of effect rather Han severity of effect is proportional to dose.
- Nonthreshold
2. Somatic
Annual EfD for occupational exposure
5 REM
Cumulative EfD=age in years X ____ 1 REM
1 (10 mSv)
Annual skin, dose, hands, feet dose
50 REM
EfD for general public exposure
.5 rem
Dose for 17 year old student
.1 rem
Fetal dose for entire gestational period
5 mSv
Monthly fetal dose
.05 rem
Leakage radiation cannot exceed _____ at 1 meter
100 mR/hr
Control panel of fixed unit must be behind __1_, allow you to see patient, and indicate when tube is energized and __2__ is made.
- Protective barrier
2. Exposure
Equipment must have an ____ indicator
SID
Must have beam limiting device to confine useful beam. Must have SSD of _____
15”
Collimator alignment must be wishing ____ of SID
+/- 2%
If beam operates at __1__ kVp or above, must have at lease __2__ mm Al filtration (__3__ added + __4__ inherent) to decrease pt. dose
- 70
- 2.5
- 2.0
- 0.5
________ used or screen film combos
Spectral matching
Grid are used to improve __1__ but it increases __2__. Used more frequently in __3__ due to scatter sensitivity.
- Quality of image
- Pt. Dose
- CR
Use a ______ SSD for portables
12”
__1__ make up the matrix in DR. Be aware of proper technique by checking “S” number to avoid over exposure (“__2__”).
- Pixels
2. Dose Creep
Fluoro procedures greatest dose so minimize Fluoro time, use __1__ Fluoro, collimate, use proper technique. SSD of __2__ for fixed and __3__ or C arm
- Intermittent
- 15”
- 12”
Results in highest fluoro dose so use intermittent and last image hold
Cinefluorography
used for interventionals so monitor and document Fluoro time
HLCF
High level control fluoro
