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000 Radiobiology > Ch 33 Deterministic Effects > Flashcards

Ch 33 Deterministic Effects Flashcards

1
Q

There have been no reported cases of death after exposures to…

A

Diagnostic Radiation

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2
Q

Early pioneers died from _________ effects of x-ray exposure

A

Stochastic

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3
Q

What was Chernobyl?

A
  • Nuclear reactor accident in 1986

- 30 people experienced ARS and died

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4
Q

What was the 3 mile island?

A

-Partial core meltdown in 1979
-No one died or was seriously
injured

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5
Q

Is employment in the nuclear power industry safe?

A

Yes

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6
Q

When do symptoms from the Prodromal period begin?

A

Within hours of exposure and

continue for up to 1-2 days

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7
Q

What are early symptoms of the Prodromal period?

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Leukopenia (decreased white blood cell count)
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8
Q

What is the manifest illness?

A

Onset of symptoms after the latent period

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9
Q

What are the (3) types of Manifest illness’?

A
  1. Hematologic
  2. Gastrointestinal
  3. Central Nervous System
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10
Q

What dose of radiation produces the GI Syndrome?

A

1,000-5,000 rad (10-50gy)

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11
Q

When do prodromal symptoms for the GI Syndrome occur?

A

Within hours of exposure

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12
Q

How long is the latent period for the GI Syndrome?

A

3-5 days

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13
Q

What are symptoms of the manifest period for the GI Syndrome?

A
  • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, lethargy

- Diarrhea persists and becomes more severe leading to watery and bloody stools

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14
Q

When does death occur for the GI syndrome?

A

4-10 days

Due to severe damage to intestinal cells (dehydration of cells)

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15
Q

What happens to the electrolyte balance during GI syndrome?

A

It is destroyed

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16
Q

What are the most sensitive cells in the body?

A

Stem cells

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17
Q

What does LD stand for?

A

Lethal Dose

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18
Q

What does LD 50/60 mean?

A

Lethal dose of 50% of the people in 60 days

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19
Q

Acute radiation lethality follows a…

A

Nonlinear threshold dose response relationship

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20
Q

With medical support, how much radiation can humans tolerate?

A

350-850

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21
Q

What is considered a lethal dose of radiation?

A

350 rad (3.5gy)

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22
Q

How is Acute Radiation lethality measured?

A

LD 50/60 350

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23
Q

What can cell death cause?

A

Impaired organ or tissue function

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24
Q

What organs/ tissue, can be effected by partial body radiation?

A

Every organ and tissue

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25
Q

What determines the level of tissue response?

A

Depends on intrinsic radiosensitivity and the kinetics of cell proliferation and maturation

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26
Q

What are the local tissues that are immediately affected by radiation exposure?

A

Skin, gonads, and bone marrow

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27
Q

All early radiation responses follow a…

A

Threshold type dose response type relationship

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28
Q

What is a Threshold type dose response relationship

A
  • A minimum dose is needed to produce a response

- Once the minimum dose is exceeded the severity of response increases with increasing dose

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29
Q

Define

Erythema-

A

Sunburn like redding of the skin

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30
Q

What is the 1st observed biologic response to radiation?

A

Erythema

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31
Q

Define

Desquamation-

A
  • Ulceration and denudation of the skin

- Shedding of outer layer of skin

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32
Q

How long will it take for someone to show erythema?

A

10-30 mins of radiation exposure

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33
Q

Define

Epilation-

A

Loss of hair

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34
Q

Responses to doses as low as _____ have been observed in the gonads.

A

10 rad (100mGy)

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35
Q

Human gonads are very sensitive to radiation. T/F

A

True

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36
Q

What are the male gonads

A

Cells of the Testes

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37
Q

Why do gonads respond differently to radiation when compared to other cells?

A

Because of the progression from the stem cell to the mature cell

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38
Q

What are the female gonads?

A

Cells of the Ovaries

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39
Q

What is the most radiosensitive (vulnerable) phase in male cell maturation?

A

Spermatogenia

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40
Q

What is the most radiosensitive (vulnerable) phase in female cell maturation?

A

Mature Follicle

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41
Q

What is the stem cell in males?

A

Spermatogonia

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42
Q

What is the stem cell in females?

A

Oogonia

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43
Q

How many ova are available for fertilization over lifetime?

A

400-500

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44
Q

What is a female’s mature germ cell called?

A

Ovum (egg)

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45
Q

When are female mature germ cells (ovum) produced?

A

At puberty

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46
Q

How often are male germ cells produced?

A

Continuously

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47
Q

What is a males mature germ cell called?

A

Spermatozoa (sperm)

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48
Q

How long does it take for the male germ cell to mature?

A

3-5 weeks

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49
Q

When do female stem cells develop?

A

During fetal life

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50
Q

Irradiation to the ovaries early in life reduces their ______ through germ cell death

A

Size (atrophy)

51
Q

When is radio sensitivity it’s highest?

A

During fetal life and early childhood

52
Q

When is radio sensitivity it’s lowest?

A

20-30 y/o

53
Q

When does radio sensitivity pick back up?

A

After age 30

54
Q 
Effects of dose on the ovaries:
10 rad (100 mGyt)
A

Delay or suppression of menstruation

55
Q 
Effects of dose on ovaries:
200 rad (2 Gyt)
A

Temporary infertility

56
Q 
Effects of dose on ovaries:  
500 rad (5 Gyt)
A

Permanent sterility

57
Q

Effects of dose on ovaries:

200-500 rad (2-5 Gyt)

A

Genetic mutations

58
Q

When does atrophy occur to the testes?

A

After high doses of radiation

59
Q

The spermatogonial stem cells are the most ____________.

A

Radiosensitive

60
Q

When is sperm cell count affected by radiation?

A

Several weeks after exposure

61
Q

Other than spermatogonial stem cells, how does radiation effect other cells in the development phase?

A

They are mostly radioresistant

62
Q 
Effects of dose on testes:
10 rad (100 mGy t)
A

Reduction in number of sperm

63
Q 
Effects of dose on testes:
200 rad (2 Gyt)
A

Temporary infertility (starts 2 months after irratiation and lasts up to 12 mths)

64
Q 
Effects of dose on testes:
500 rad (5 Gyt)
A

Permanent sterility

65
Q

What does the hemopoietic system consist of?

A
  • Bone marrow
  • Circulating blood
  • Lymphoid tissue
66
Q

Where are most blood cells manufactured?

A

In the bone marrow

67
Q

Where do cells of the hemopoietic system develop from?

A

A pluripotential stem cell

68
Q

What are the first cells to be affected by radiation exposure?

A

Lymphocytes

69
Q

___________ experiences a rapid rise, then rapidly decrease

A

Granulocytes

70
Q

How long does recovery of granulocytes take?

A

Approximately 2 months

71
Q

When do Lymphocytes begin to reduce in number after radiation exposure?

A

Within minutes or hours of exposure, slow to recover

72
Q

What are the least sensitive of blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

73
Q

How long does it take for Erythrocytes to recover?

A

6-12 mths

74
Q

Do Thrombocytes deplete slowly or quickly?

A

Slowly, recovery takes about 2 months

75
Q

What is Cytogenetics?

A

The study of the genetics of cells, particularly the cell chromosomes

76
Q

How many types of chromosome aberrations can be radiation induced?

A

Nearly all of them

77
Q

Human peripheral ___________ are used for cytogenetic analysis.

A

Lymphocytes

78
Q

When does chromosome damage occur?

A
  • At the time of radiation

- May not be measured for months or years after irradiation

79
Q

Cytogenetic Effects of Radiation follows a…

A

Non threshold dose response relationship

80
Q

What is a Karotype?

A

Chromosome map

81
Q

Each cell consists of:

A
  • 22 paris of autosomes

- 1 pair of sex chromosomes

82
Q

What does a DNA hit produce?

A

Disruption of the molecular structure

83
Q

What does a chromosome hit produce?

A

Visible derangement of the chromosome

84
Q

What is more severe, a chromosome hit or a DNA hit?

A

Chromosome (chromosomes contain DNA)

85
Q

Single hit chromosome aberrations are produced with a…

A

Linear, non threshold dose response relationship

86
Q

Multi hit chromosome aberrations are produced with a…

A

Non linear, non threshold dose response relationship

87
Q

Are diagnostic x-ray beams intense enough or large enough to cause death?

A

No

88
Q

What type of exposure does Hematologic, GI, and CNS Syndrome all require?

A

Whole body exposure

89
Q

What is ARS (Acute Radiation Syndrome?)

A

Sequence of events that follow high level radiation exposure leading to death within days or weeks

90
Q

What are the (3) stages of ARS (Acute Radiation Syndrome?)

A
  1. Prodromal Period
  2. Latent Period
  3. Manifest Illness
91
Q

What is the Latent Period?

A
  • Time after the exposure

- No signs/ symptoms of radiation sickness

92
Q

How long does the Latent Period last?

A
  • Hours to weeks

- The higher the dose, the shorter the latent period

93
Q

What period may mislead one to think recovery has occurred?

A

Latent period

94
Q

What is produced by radiation doses of 200-1,000 rad

A

Hematologic Syndrome

95
Q

What is characterized by a reduction in white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets?

A

Hematologic Syndrome

96
Q

What is produced by radiation doses greater than 5,000 rad?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS Syndrome)

97
Q

During the CNS syndrome, when do the prodromal symptoms occur?

A

Within minutes

98
Q

During the prodromal period, what dose will begin producing violent symptoms?

A

1,000 rad (Gy t)

99
Q

At higher doses it is difficult to separate the ___________ syndrome from the __________ illness.

A

Prodromal/ Manifest

100
Q

At low doses, there may be no ________ period.

A

Prodromal

101
Q

At high doses, the latent period may ________.

A

Disappear

102
Q

What is the name for the immediate response of radiation sickness?

A

Prodromal Period

103
Q

How severe are the prodromal symptoms during the Hematologic Syndrome?

A

Mild

104
Q

What does the manifest illness consist of during a non lethal dose of Hematologic Syndrome?

A
  • Vomiting
  • Mild Diarrhea
  • Malaise
  • Lethargy
  • Fever
105
Q

If dose is not lethal during the Hematologic Syndrome, when does recovery begin?

A

2-4 weeks, can last up to 6 months

106
Q

During the Hematologic Syndrome, what happens if the dose is lethal?

A
  • Reduction in blood cells (defense against infection)
  • Hemorrhage and dehydration
  • Death due to infection, electrolyte imbalance, and dehydration
107
Q

When do prodromal symptoms occur during the CNS Syndrome?

A

Within minutes of exposure

108
Q

How long does the latent period last during the CNS syndrome

A

Up to 12 hours

109
Q

During the CNS Syndrome what are the Manifest illnesses?

A
  • Disorientation
  • Loss of muscle coordination,
  • Difficulty breathing,
  • Seizures
  • Loss of equilibrium
  • Ataxia
  • Lethargy
110
Q

What does ataxia mean?

A

Inability to coordinate muscles

111
Q

During the CNS syndrome, what is the end result of the manifest illness?

A
  • Death within days
  • Pt lapses into coma and dies
  • Ultimate cause of death is elevated fluid in the brain.
112
Q

What is the mean survival time?

A

As whole body radiation dose increases, the average time between exposure and death decreases

113
Q

When radiation dose increases from 200-1,000 rad, mean survival time decreases from _____ to ____ days

A

60/ 4

114
Q

What is the mean survival time of Hematologic Syndrome?

A

Varies with dose (60-4 days)

115
Q

What is the mean survival time of GI Syndrome?

A

Relatively consistent at 4 days

116
Q

What is he mean survival time of the CNS syndrome?

A

Varies with dose (3 days to hours)

117
Q

What cell layers of the skin participate in the response to radiation exposure?

A

All of them

118
Q

At what rate are skin cells replaced?

A

2% per day

119
Q

What are the most vulnerable skin cells?

A

Basal cells

120
Q

Describe Basal cells:

A
  • Most vulnerable to radiation
  • Lowest layer of the outer skin layer
  • Stem cells that mature into the cells of the epidermis
  • Most radiosensitive
121
Q

Skin effects follow a…

A

Non linear, threshold dose response relationship

122
Q

What does SED mean?

A

Skin Erythema Dose

123
Q

What is SED (Skin Erythema Dose?)

A
  • Dose of radiation that causes erythema
  • SED 50 is about 500 rad (Gy 1)
    * Dose required to affect 50% irradiated

000 Radiobiology (52 decks)

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