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000 Radiobiology > Chapter Seven > Flashcards

Chapter Seven Flashcards

1
Q

Branch of biology concerned with effects of ionizing radiation on living systems

A

Radiation Biology

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2
Q

Ionizing radiation damages living systems by removing _________ from atoms.

Ionizing is disruptive

A

electrons

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3
Q

Consists of 2 protons and two neutrons. Very heavy and superficial.

A

Alpha Particles

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4
Q

Once an atom is ionized will it be able to bond properly in molecules

A

NO

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5
Q

Average energy deposited per unit length of the radiation’s path through tissue

A

Linear Energy Transfer

LET

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6
Q

LET increases»

A

Biologic response increases

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7
Q

Low LET=X-Rays and Gamma rays; short wavelength and _______ frequency

A

High

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8
Q

___(1)___ are types of radiation that exhaust their energy in a shorter length of track and cannot travel or penetrate as far therefore they cause more
___(2)___.

A

1) High LET Radiation (Alpha)
2) Damage (because they can’t get through)

*Think wrecking balls: They are heavy and destructive)

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9
Q

The ________ the LET, the more likely there may be DNA damage.

A

Higher

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10
Q

SIDE NOTETHINK**

Risk of damage to DNA because there are several interactions that typically occur in the vicinity of the DNA strand

A

THINK ABOUT

THE GAME BATTLESHIP: CLOSING CLOSER AROUND A SHIP INCREASES THE LIKELYHOOD OF THE SHIP BEING HIT

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11
Q

Atomic # “Z”=

A

Number of protons

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12
Q

Atomic Mass # “A”=

A

Protons + Neutrons

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13
Q

Relative capabilities of radiation with differing LETs to produce a particular biologic reaction

A

Relative Biologic Effectiveness (RBE)

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14
Q

LET and RBE are _________ proportional

A

DIRECTLY

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15
Q

Traditional Unit to SI

A

/100

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16
Q

SI to Traditional Unit

A

x100

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17
Q

Rad/Gray

A

used to measure amount of radiation deposited in ANY object-living or inanimate

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18
Q

Rem/SV

A

measure radiation absorbed in HUMAN tissue only

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19
Q

Consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons; very heavy

A

Alpha Particle

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20
Q

Causes superficial/skin damage; can be stopped by black construction paper

A

Alpha Particle

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21
Q

What is the QF for an Alpha Particle?

A

20

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22
Q

Instability of an atom caused by addition or removal of electrons

A

Ionization

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23
Q

Amount of energy deposited in tissue over path of radiation beam

A

LET

Linear Energy Transfer

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24
Q

Low LET deposits _______ energy in tissue

A

LOW

EX: x-rays and gamma rays)

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25
Q

High LET radiation deposits ________ energy in tissue

A

higher

EX: alpha

26
Q

High LET is dangerous if:

  1. _________
  2. _________
  3. _________
  4. _________
A
  1. Implanted (Prostate Seed)
  2. Ingested
  3. Injected
  4. Inhaled (Nuc Med)
27
Q

Relative damage to tissues due to radiation being deposited

A

Relative Biologic Effectiveness (RBE)

28
Q

LET & RBE are ___________ proportional

29
Q

Used to measure amount of radiation deposited in ANY object; living or inanimate

A

RAD “Radiation Absorbed Dose”

Gray (Gy)

30
Q

Used to measure radiation absorbed in HUMAN tissue only

A

Rem “Radiation Equivalent to Man”

Seivert (SV)

31
Q

Measure ionization in air and in air exposure

A

Roentgen (R)

Coulombs/kg (C/kg)

32
Q

Used to measure Radioactivity

A

Curie
Becquerel (BQ)

Used in Nuc Meds)

33
Q

REMS=

A

(RADS)(QF)

34
Q

Seiverts=

A

(GRAYS)(QF)

35
Q

Traditional to SI

A

DIVIDE by 100

36
Q

SI to Traditional

A

MULTIPLY by 100

*super sized in ‘Merica”

37
Q

Quality Factor of X-Ray

38
Q

QF of beta particles

39
Q

QF of Gamma Rays

40
Q

Fast Neutrons have a QF of

41
Q

QF is similar to what?

A

Radiation or tissue weighting factor

42
Q

Tissue irradiated under oxygenated or aerobic conditions is MORE sensitive to radiation than when irradiated under anoxic or hypoxic condition

A

OER

Oxygen Enhancement Ratio

43
Q

OER is important in ________ _______ because, oxygenated tissue may not require as much radiation to kill cancer cells

A

Radiation Therapy

44
Q

you cells more vulnerable to radiation damage

A

Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau

45
Q

action of damage to cells from radiation occurs 5% of time

46
Q

95% of the time damage to the cell is caused by an

A

INDIRECT action

47
Q

Radiolysis of water can result in formation of ____________

A

FREE RADICALS

48
Q

Why are free radicals (*) so dangerous?

A

They are unstable, can travel, and cause point lesions away from the area that was irradiated

49
Q

2 Hydroxyl Radicals (OH*) can combine and form

A

Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

50
Q

H2O2 is ______ to cell

51
Q

The two types of free radicals created during radiolysis of water

A
  1. Hydroxyl Radical (OH*)

2. Hydroperoxyl Radical (HO2*)

52
Q
  1. When radiation interacts with DNA and severs a side rail or rung of the DNA ladder.
  2. Are repair enzymes capable of reversing some point mutations?
A
  1. Point Mutation

2. Yes

53
Q

photomicrograph of chromosomes that shows damage from radiation

54
Q

What is the mastermind of the cell and is necessary for the cell survival?

55
Q

Whole body dose of __1__Gy (_2_Rads) depresses blood ___3___ count (Threshold Dose)

A
  1. 0.25
  2. 25
  3. Cell
56
Q

Explain “LD 50/60”

A

lethal dose of 3-4 Gy that may kill 50% of the population in 60 days

57
Q

What are the most radiosensitive cells in the body?

A

Lymphocytes

58
Q

Lymphocytes are the most radiosensitive cells in the body OR __________

A

LEAST radioresistant

59
Q

Adult nerve cells are ____1_____ in the body OR ___2___

A
  1. LEAST radiosensitive

2. MOST radioresistant

60
Q

2 Gy (_1_Rad) may cause temporary __2__ in males and females (Threshold Dose)

A
  1. 200 Rad

2. Sterility

61
Q

This threshold dose may cause permanent sterility in females

A

5 Gy (500 Rad)

62
Q

This threshold dose may cause permanent sterility in males

A

5-6 Gy (500-600 Rads)

000 Radiobiology (52 decks)

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