Factors Flashcards
What is ‘safe water’?
Water that is NOT contaminated with disease-causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, or chemicals such as lead i.e. ‘safe for human consumption’
Examples can use to take safe water to health outcomes
- Water borne disease e.g. cholera, typhoid, dysentery
- Time spent collecting water (esp. for women and children)
- Poor crops and livestock
Examples can use to take inequality and discrimination based on sex (being female) to health outcomes
- Exploitation e.g. trafficking into sex work
- Female genital mutilation/cutting
- Domestic duties/water collection
- Forced marriage, childbearing, teenage pregnancy
- Access to food i.e. east least and last
Examples can use to take poverty to health outcomes
Reduced ability to AFFORD:
- shelter - exposure to mosquitoes (malaria), animal attacks (injuries) etc.
- nutrition - e.g. iron deficiency anemia
- healthcare e.g. low access to condoms, antibiotics for infection
- education/low health literacy e.g. hand washing hygiene, sex sex practices re STIs
- Manual jobs leading to injuries, exhaustion, dehydration
Examples can use to take sanitation to health outcomes
- Lack of private and/or segregated toilets girls unable to attend school (menstruation)
- Lack of flushing toilets open defaecation leading to contaminated water
- Toileting at night leading to danger of assault (esp. for women due to lack of segregated toilets)
Examples can use to take global marketing and distribution to health outcomes
- Double burden of disease - comm and non-comm diseases high DALYs
- Low education so targeted by companies
- Lack of regulations e.g. advertising, laws around purchasing age limits
- Malnutrition (use little money on tobacco/alcohol as become addicted instead of e.g. food)
- Land destruction by tobacco companies
What is ‘sanitation’?
The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of waste e.g. human urine and faeces, but can also refer to the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal. Adequate sanitation requires a flushing toilet.
What is ‘poverty’?
Deprivation/lack of essential resources - lack of ability to AFFORD e.g. income, food, shelter, clean water, healthcare, opportunities, education.
- Absolute/extreme poverty = those living on less than US$1.90 a day
- Relative poverty = those living on less than 50% of their country’s average income
What is inequality and discrimination based on race?
A person is treated less favourably because of their race, colour, ancestry, nationality or ethnic background
What is inequality and discrimination based on religion?
Treating a person or group less favorably because of their particular beliefs which they hold about religion
What is inequality and discrimination based on sex?
Discrimination occurs as a result of a person’s biological features e.g. female.
What is inequality and discrimination based on sexual orientation?
Discrimination as a result of who people are sexually and romantically attracted to e.g. lesbian, gay, bisexual, pansexual, etc.
What is global marketing and distribution?
The process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing multinational companies e.g. McDonalds, tobacco and alcohol companies to advertise, market and sell on a global scale; increasing access and desire for these products resulting in INCREASED CONSUMPTION of e.g. processed foods, tobacco and alcohol in low, middle and high income countries.
What is inequality and discrimination based on gender identity?
Unfair treatment as a result of the gender that a person identifies as (which may be different to the sex assigned to them at birth) e.g. transgender, gender diverse/non-binary.
Examples can use to take inequality and discrimination based on race and religion to health outcomes
- displacement from homes or own country, forced to flee and live in foreign countries as refugees, new living environment may lack food and water, educational opportunities for children, employment opportunities for adults, healthcare, access to social security systems.
- language barriers may also contribute to social and mental implications
