Eye and Ear Flashcards
Optic nerve from both eye merge at _____________ and becomes_________.
optic chiasm, optic tract
Primary visual area in ______________of cerebral cortex
occipital lobes
Rate limiting step for ophthalmic drops.
Cornea
After light passes through the cornea, a portion of it passes through an opening known as
pupil
Pupil opening can be adjusted by
dilation of the iris
The lens is attached to the
ciliary muscles
Ciliary gland: secrete______ humor
aqueous
Which part of eye is Related to Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) conditions
Macula
Myopia is
nearsightedness
A diopter is a unit of measurement of the ____________
power of lens
The total optical power of the relaxed eye is approximately _________ diopters
60
Retina has 3 cell types. The Retina cell signaling occurs in the order: _____—–>_______—–>________—–>Optic nerve
photoreceptor —–>Bipolar cells—–>ganglionic cells—–>Optic nerve
Its night and Dark—-> Depolarised photoreceptor release GLUTAMATE——> ++++Bipolar cell active—–>—–Inhibit ganglionic cells
Light cause photoreceptor to hyperpolarize—–>inhibits bipolar cells thus activate ganglion cell
Light on the retina converts 11-cis retinal to
all 11-Trans retinal.
Retinal,retinol/retinoic acid is another name for vitamin __
A
________ is active form of vitamin A
Rhodopsin
Precursor of vitamin A is?
Beta carotenoids.
Zeaxanthine is carotene analog is present in?
macula in eye
(TTT) Topical Tretinoin is Trans.
Trans means Isomer of 13-Trans retinoic acid
Oral isotretinoin is? Isomer of 13-Cis retinoic acid
Another name for Nightblindness
nyctalopia
Patient is using Accutane (isotretinoin) for acne. Wants to buy vitamin A supplements. What this pharmacist concern?
Toxicity is concern
Normal range intraocular pressure or ocular hypertension
12 to 22 mm Hg
There are 5 class of medications for treatment of Glaucoma
beta blockers prostaglandin analogs carbonic anhydrase inhibitors alpha2 agonist cholinergic agonist
Increasing intra ocular pressure (IOP) cause glau-coma. This is due to
1) Increase aqueous humor production cause increase
IOP.
2) Decrease aqueous humor secretion/out flow from
shlemn canal.
The drugs act by either blocking the production(CA inhibitor,B blocker) or increasing the out flow(PG analogs) or both (alpha2 agonist).
However, Cholinergic agonist directly stimulate muscarinic receptors to CONTRACT CILIARY MUSCLE and increase trabecular outflow.
The dry ARMD form is characterized by
drusen
out of dry and wet ARMD, dangerous one is
wet form
The _______________ is useful for detecting vision changes by patients.
Amsler grid or chart
Which are two types of carotenoids analogs, which are yellow to red pigments found widely in vegetable
Lutein & Zexanthin
Denaturing means
nature of the proteins change and gradually the lens loses its transparency thus starting to scatter light.
corticosteroids and cataract
Long term use of corticosteroids can cause cataract and may progress even after stopping steroids
Cataract surgery postoperative care :
1) Dilators and cycloplegic:Cyclopentolate, phenylephrine, tropicamide
2)Anti-inflammatory 3-4 wks:Dexamethasone, prednisolone, diclofenac, and ketorolac.
3)Antibiotics:Fluoroquinolones(-floxacin),
Aminoglycosides (-mycin)
Combination eye drops: Tobradex (tobramycin+ dexamethasone) ointment and suspension eye drops.
________produces ear-wax
Ceremonious gland
Two common problems associated with outer ear (Otitis externa)
swimmers’ ear and earwax builds up.
Earwax is removed by
carbamide peroxide and mineral oil.
__________is indicator of infection of ear bones or tympanic membrane.
Fluid
Other indications are (fever, pain in ear, redness and swelling, drainage).
The drug of choice for otitis media?
Amoxicillin
azithromycin
clarithromycin
Which part of ear gets affected by ototoxic drug
Inner ear
Drugs that cause ototoxicity’s:
Mnemonic: Don’t Loop & SNAG MY PLATe CHRISTINE QUIN
Ear wax When to refer to doctor?
Wax buildup with hearing loss, or with pain, foreign objects in ear canal
Swimmers Ears: Refer to doctor if
Fever & severe pain and that are not diminished by OTC pain medications.
Otitis media infection require referral to physician if
Otitis media with perforation of the tympanic membrane or drainage from the middle ear
Meniere’s disease can cause
Inner ear conditions.
Meniere’s disease is characterized as Vertigo, hearing loss and tinnitus
Instilling Ear drops: pull ear down and back for
infants and toddlers (older children are not included in this)
Optic nerve composed of?
Retinal ganglionic and glial cells
Drugs that ocular toxicities are
amiodarone - corneal deposits
hydroxychloroquine - ocular toxicity
ethambutol and isotretinoin - vision changes
Rifampin - discoloration of contact lens.
