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PEBC > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System are also known as

A

Ductless Glands

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2
Q

the master endocrine gland

A

Pituitary Gland

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3
Q

Pituitary Gland present?

A

under hypothalamus (location: base of the brain.)

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4
Q

Major endocrine glands (6)

A 
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Pancreas Gland (endocrine and exocrine)
Adrenal Gland 
Testes
Ovaries
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5
Q

Other endocrine glands

A 
Parathyroid Gland (neck)
Thymus Gland (chest)
Pineal Gland (brain).
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6
Q

Pituitary Gland is controlled by?

A

Hypothalamus.

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7
Q

The five different types of CELLS of the anterior pituitary

A 
somatotrophs(GH)
thyrotrophs  (TSH)
gonadotrophs(FSH & LH) -FSH:ESTROGEN
Lactotrophs (Prolactin)
corticotrophs (ACTH)
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8
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

not synthesize hormones, BUT store and release two hormones(oxytocin and ADH/vasopressin). Production in the hypothalamus and are packed into vesicles and transported to the posterior pituitary gland

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9
Q

oxytocin action

A

During and after delivery of a baby, oxytocin has two target tissues: the mother’s uterus and breasts.

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10
Q

hormone secreted by the pineal gland is

A

melatonin.

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11
Q

melatonin is

A

body’s “time clock”.

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12
Q

Which gland secretes calcitonin

A

Thyroid( by parafollicular cells (C-cells.)

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13
Q

Increase PTH causes increase in _____ in blood and ____ in phosphate in blood

A

Calcium increase and decrease in phoshate

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14
Q

hypocalcemia stimulate release of

hypercalcemia stimulate release of

A

PTH—–Bone resorption

Calcitonin

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15
Q

Pancreas cells

A

beta, alpha, delta, F

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16
Q

Effect of Somatostatin in growth hormone

A

Somatostatin is antagonist of growth hormone and thus opposes growth hormone (GHIH)

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17
Q

Adrenal cortex layers

A

outer: Zona glomerulosa–Aldosterone
middle: Z. fasciculata–Cortisol
inner: Z. reticularis–Androgens

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18
Q

Prepares for pregnancy and produce

A

Progesterone (Ovaries get stimulated by LH which is secretes from anterior pituitary)

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19
Q

Thyroxin or Levothyroxine Naturally occurs in_____isomer

A

levo (L)

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20
Q

Metabolically active form or active thyroid hormone

A

T3

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21
Q

The iodide pump (trap) is present in

A

thyroid follicular epithelial cells

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22
Q

Levothyroxine T4 Converts in the liver and other organs to Triiodothyronin T3 by what mechanism?

A

deiodination (deiodinase)—1 iodine is removed

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23
Q

Thyroid Hormones affects the secretion of other hormones

A

Insulin, NE, Epi, cortisol, estrogen and testosterones.

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24
Q

Epinephrine is released from

A

Adrenal Medulla

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25
Q

Aldosterone is released from

A

Adrenal cortex

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26
Q

Weight loss in spite of increased appetite is a symptom of______thyroidism

A

Hyper

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27
Q

Tachycardia (Palpitation) is a symptom of______thyroidism

A

Hyper

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28
Q

Diarrhea is a symptom of Hyperthyroidism

A

Constipation is a symptom of Hyperthyroidism

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29
Q

Tremor and muscle weakness is a symptom of Hyperthyroidism

A

Slow return of deep tendon reflexes is a symptom of Hypothyroidism

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30
Q

hEat intolerance and excessively sweating is a symptom of HypErthyroidism

A

cOld intolerance is a symptom of HypOthyroidism

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31
Q

Impaired memOry is a symptom of______thyroidism

A

HypO

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32
Q

Hypertension, bradycardia is a symptom of______thyroidism

A

Hypo

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33
Q

Normal serum TSH is

A

0.3 to 5.5 mU/L

34
Q

↑ serum TSH is seen in ______thyroidism

35
Q

Hashimoto & Myxedema or Gull’s disease.

A

hypothyroidism

36
Q

Graves’ disease, Plummer’s disease (toxic nodular goiter).

A

hyperthyroidism

37
Q

anxiety,Nervousness, insomnia, and irritability

A

hyperthyroidism

38
Q

Oily skin in hyperthyroidism

A

Dry flaky skin and coarse hair in hypothyroidism

39
Q

Everything is hyperactive in hyperthyroidism

A

Everything is hypoactive in hypothyroidism, except Hypertension

40
Q

Parathyroid Glands is positioned

A

posterior surface of the thyroid gland, which is positioned on the esophagus

41
Q

How does PTH ↑ Ca absorption in intestine?

A

via activation of vitamin D ( Stimulate production of 1, 25-(OH)-Vitamin D).

42
Q

How does PTH ↑ Ca absorption in kidney?

A

Stimulate reabsorption calcium in kidney and inhibit reabsorption of phosphate.

43
Q

Pancreas is present in

A

upper right side of the body and spread to left side

44
Q

Half-life insulin is

A

3 to 5 min

45
Q

Insulin promotes___uptake into the cell.

46
Q

Decrease gluconeogenesis (neo=new)

47
Q

Stimulated breakdown of glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis) in the liver

48
Q

Sweating, palpitation, fatigue, tremors are

A

Autonomic symptoms of hypoglycemia

49
Q

FPG______ shows autonomic symptoms and FPG ________ shows CNS symptoms

A

<4 mmol/L<70 mg/dL

<2-3 mmol/L<50 mg/dL

50
Q

Autonomic symptoms of hypoglycemia

A

blurred vision, Confusion, nervousness, disorientation, dizzy, anxious, headache, irritable

51
Q

Normal glucose FPG:

A

5 to 6 mmol/L or 90 to 120 mg/dL.

52
Q

Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is

A

Passage of large volumes of dilute urine

53
Q

______________ deficiency causes diabetes insipidus

A

Anti diuretic hormone (vasopressin)

54
Q

Neurogenic diabetes insipidus results from hyposecretion of ADH, usually caused
by a brain tumor, head trauma, or brain surgery or autoimmune that damages the posterior pituitary or the hypothalamus.

A 
In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus,
the kidneys do not respond to ADH. may be Acquired or 
 by drugs (lithium)
55
Q

_________ gland:Large in children and begins to shrink at puberty.

56
Q

Only brain structure that does not come in a pair

A

Pineal gland

57
Q

Produces melatonin and dimethyl tryptamine in the dark

A

Pineal gland

58
Q

Sexual development and regulates the mating behavior

A

Pineal gland

59
Q

Influences sleep and temperature

A

Pineal gland

60
Q

The adrenal glands are located superior to the kidneys. They consist of an outer adrenal cortex and an inner adrenal medulla

A

adrenal medulla consists of chromaffin cells and large blood vessels.

61
Q

Cortical secretions include mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens.

A

The medullary secretions
epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE) produce effects similar to sympathetic responses and
are released during stress.

62
Q

Androgens:HYper
Androgens:HYpo

A

Gynecomastia

Hypogonadism

63
Q

Aldosterone:HYper
Aldosterone:HYper

A 
Ascites
hyperkalemia (Because aldosterone increase K+ excretion)
64
Q

Zona glomerulosa (outer adrenal medulla) is controlled by

A

Renin-angiotensin

65
Q

fasciculata and reticularis is controlled by

A

ACTH (ACTH is secreted by anterior pituitary)

66
Q

hormone which prepares the lining of the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg.

A

Progesterone

67
Q

During the menstrual cycle estrogen is produced by the ovarian follicles

A

After ovulation estrogen is produced by the corpus luteum.

68
Q

During pregnancy ovulation does not occur.

A

It is suppressed by high levels of estrogen and progesterone’s

69
Q

__________ hormone levels are elevated in first 3 months of pregnancy (first trimester).

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

70
Q

Ovulation Tests detects?

71
Q

Cessation of menstrual periods for at least________ is referred as menopause

A

6 months to 1 year

72
Q

How many Carbon does estrogen have?

73
Q

How many Carbon does Progestins have?

74
Q

FSH and LH are predominantly increased during

75
Q

Which hormone keeps corpus luteum after fertilization and pregnancy?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (HCG)

76
Q

Characteristics of hypoparathyroidism condition

A

leads to fall in calcium levels followed by a rise in plasma phosphate level.

77
Q

Hyperparathyroidism causes excessive calcium in blood

A

This triggers secretion of Calcitonin

78
Q

Vasopressin

A

ADH is released when atrial receptors detect the decrease in blood volume.
Conserves body water by decreasing urine volume;
decreases water loss through perspiration;
raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles

79
Q

Rate limiting factors of insulin may include the following

A

Capillary passage

Zinc crystalline insulin

80
Q

Aldosterone is NOT a vasoconstrictor. Instead Angiotensin II is strong vasoconstrictor.

A

Aldosterone hormone main functions are Na, water retention in distal tubules and Potassium excretion in late distal tubules and collecting duct

81
Q

Example of therapeutically used hormones and related drugs

A

GnRH analogs: Goserilin(Gonadal and pituitary hormones)

82
Q

Hormone used to control postpartum bleeding

PEBC (19 decks)

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