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Head And Neck > eye > Flashcards

eye Flashcards

1
Q

What shape is the orbital cavity?

A

Pyramidal

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2
Q

What are the four walls of the orbital cavity?

A

Roof
Floor
Medial
Lateral

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3
Q

What are the three openings that transmit nerves and blood vessels in and out go the orbit?

A

Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Optic canal

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4
Q

What does the orbital cavity have that protects it from injury?

A

Tough orbital rim

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5
Q

What are some important anatomical relations of the orbit?

A

Paranasal air sinuses
Nasal cavity
Anterior cranial fossa

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6
Q

What do the anatomical relations of the orbit have implications for?

A

Orbital trauma and spread of infection

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7
Q

What are the weakest parts of the orbit?

A

Medial and floor

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of orbital blow out fracture?

A 
Perioorbital swelling, painful
Double vision
Impaired vision
Anaesthesia over affected cheek and upper teeth and gums
Cannot look upwards to
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9
Q

What happens in an orbital blow out fracture?

A

Sudden increase in intra-orbital pressure fractures floor of orbit
Orbital contents and blood can prolapse into maxillary sinus and trap structures

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10
Q

Who will have an orbital blow out fracture?

A

Trauma to front of the eye e.g. retropulsion of eye ball

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11
Q

Why would orbital blow out fracture cause anaesthesia over cheeks?

A

Infra orbital nerve may be damaged

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12
Q

What would you see on an X-ray of someone with a orbital blow out fracture?

A

One side may have a fracture and blood accumulation

Tear drop

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13
Q

What would you see on a CT of someone with a blow out fracture?

A

Grey side as has blood and orbital contents which have passed down and prolapsed

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14
Q

What do the eyelids do?

A

Protect the eye when palpebral fissure is closed

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15
Q

What structures does the eyelid contain?

A

Tarsal plates and muscles

Glands at the edge

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16
Q

What is the contents of the orbital cavity?

A 
Lacrimal apparatus
Nerves and blood vessels
Orbital fat (lots)
Globe of the eye (eyeball) and internal structures 
Extrinsic ocular muscles (move eyeball)
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17
Q

What do the tarsal plates do?

A

Prove a connective tissue skeleton to the eyelid

Gives firmness and shape

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18
Q

What is the orbital septum?

A

A thin sheet of fibrous tissue originating from orbital rim

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19
Q

What does the orbital septum blend with?

A

The LPS and tarsal plates

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20
Q

What does the orbital septum separate?

A

Intra-orbital contents from the eyelid fat and orbiculares oculists muscles

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21
Q

What does the orbital septum help to do?

A

Act as a barrier against infection spreading from pre septal to post petal space

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22
Q

What is periorybital cellulitis?

A

Cellulitis of orbital structures

abscess Formation and spread of infection intracranially and cause cavernous sinus thrombosis

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23
Q

What causes periorybital cellulitis?

A

Infection from bites, periorybital trauma, sinuses

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24
Q

Where do veins of the orbit drain?

A

Cavernous sinus
Pterygoid venous plexus
Facial veins

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25
Q

What do glands within the tarsal plate secrete?

A

Glands within the tarsal plate secrete oily substances to prevent evaporation of tear film and tear spillage

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26
Q

What happens when these glands within the tarsal plate block?

A

Meibomian cyst

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27
Q

What is a stye?

A

Eyelash follicles can block by infection staph

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28
Q

What does the conjunctivae do?

A

Secretory mucosa lubricating the conjunctival and corneal surfaces
Also secrete tears

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29
Q

What does the lacrimal apparatus do?

A

Secretes tears into conjunctival sac

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30
Q

What is the lacrimal apparatus made up of?

A

Lacrimal gland
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct

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31
Q

What does blinking do?

A

Washes tear film across front of eye, rinsing and lubricating the conjunctivae and cornea

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32
Q

What is treatment for stye and meibomian cyst?

A

Hot compress

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33
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

Transparant mucous membrane

34
Q

What does the conjunctiva cover?

A

White of the eye (sclera), lines inside of eyelid and does not cover cornea

35
Q

How vascular is the conjunctiva?

A

highly vascular with small blood vessels within the membrane

36
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

Inflammed and injected in infections

37
Q

What is sunconjunctival haemorrhage?

A

Haemorrhage from blood vessels- like a bruise

Do nothing

38
Q

What is the main arterial supply of the eye?

A

Ophthalmic artery

39
Q

What is the venous drainage of the eye?

A

cavernous sinus, pterygoid plexus and facial vein

40
Q

What is the general sensory innervation of the eye?

A

Trigeminal nerve

41
Q

What is the special sensory innervation for vision?

A

Optic nerve

42
Q

What motor nerves to muscles in the eye?

A

Occulomotor, trochlear and abducens

43
Q

What maintains the eyeballs position?

A

Suspensory ligament
Rectus muscle
Orbital fat

44
Q

What is the outer layer of the eyeball?

A

Fibrous layer
tough sclera
continuous anteriorly as transparent cornea

45
Q

What is the middle layer of the eyeball?

A

Vascular consisting of choroid, ciliary body and iris

46
Q

What is the inner layer of the eyeball?

A

Retina

inner photosensitive layer lying on an outer pigmented layer

47
Q

Is there any blood vessels in the cornea?

A

No as needs to be see through so light can get through

48
Q

what is aqueous humour secreted from?

A

Ciliary processes within the ciliary body

49
Q

Where does the aqueous humour flow?

A

Posterior chamber, through pupil and anterior chamber,

Nourishes lens and cornea, drains through iridocorneal angle via trabecular meshwork into canal of schlemm

50
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

When drainage od aqueous humour from anterior chamber is blocked

51
Q

What is open angle glaucoma?

A

Trabecular meshwork deteriorates

chronic

52
Q

What is closed angle glaucoma?

A

Narrowing of the iridocorneal angle

53
Q

What does glaucoma cause?

A

Rise in intracranial pressure and damage to optic nerve by optic disc cupping
Sight threatening

54
Q

What is aqueous humour for?

A

Provides nourishment and oxygen to lens and cornea

55
Q

What is light detected by in the eye?

A

Retinas photoreceptors

56
Q

What are generated in response to light?

A

Action potentials which pass via ganglion cell whose icons collect in area of optic disc to optic nerve

57
Q

What needs to occur for light to focus on retina?

A

Transparent medium

Refraction (bending of light)

58
Q

What will pathology affecting the eye cause?

A

transparency of structures and refraction ability

59
Q

What will happen if looking at something far away?

A

Refracted as it passes through number of structures and fluids from outside in

60
Q

How does the eye look at something close?

A

Pupil constricts
Eyes converge
Lens becomes more biconcave

61
Q

As you get older what happens to the eye?

A

Lens becomes stiffer and less able to change shape

Also progressive opacities can also occur within lens e.g. cataracts

62
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Age related inability to focus near objects (stiffer lens)

63
Q

What is the innervation of the elevator palpebrae and superior tarsal muscle?

A

Oculomotor

64
Q

What is the action of the elevator palpebrae and superior tarsal muscle?

A

elevates eye

65
Q

What is the consequence of damaging theelevator palpebrae and superior tarsal muscle?

A

Eye cant open

66
Q

What is the innervation of the Palpebral part of orbicularis oculi?

A

Facial

67
Q

What is the action of the Palpebral part of orbicularis oculi?

A

Closes eye

68
Q

What is the consequence of damage of the Palpebral part of orbicularis oculi?

A

Cant close eye

69
Q

What is the innervation of the extra ocular muscles?

A

Oculomotor

Apart from LR=Abducens and SO= trochlear

70
Q

What does the lateral rectus do?

A

Move eye laterally

abductions

71
Q

What does the medial rectus do?

A

Moves eye medially

Adducts

72
Q

What does the superior rectus do?

A

Depress
Roll up and in
Intortion

73
Q

What does the inferior rectus do?

A

Elevates

Rolls down and in

74
Q

What does the inferior oblique do?

A

Elevates
roll up and out
Extortion

75
Q

What does the superior oblique do?

A

Depresses
rolls down and out
Intortion

76
Q

What happens if lateral rectus is damaged?

A

Unable to abduct eye, stays adducted

Diplopia made worse on horizontal gaze

77
Q

What happens if medial rectus is damaged?

A

Abduction occurs

78
Q

What happens if Superior oblique is damaged?

A

Extorted, up and in
Tilting the head slightly
Difficulty looking down and medially e.g. walking up stars and reading

79
Q

What happens if superior rectus is damaged?

A

Elevation occurs

Roll down and out

80
Q

What happens if inferior rectus is damaged?

A

Depression occurs

Roll up and out

81
Q

What happens if inferior oblique is damaged?

A

Depression occurs

Roll down and in

Head And Neck (18 decks)

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