Extra material part I

Question 1

Dual process instrumental action

Answer 1

With behavioural repetition, there is a shift from flexible goal-directed behaviour to efficient habit behaviour

Question 2

Goal directed control

Answer 2

Mediated by:
- Representation of causal relationship between action and outcome
- Goal value

Top-down process

Question 3

Habit control

Answer 3

Behaviourally autonomous under external stimulus control. Takes place independently of current desires/outcomes.

Bottom-up process

Question 4

Duel-process model

Answer 4

Addiction and compulsions are explained by two pathways:

• Weakened top-down processing
• Reinforced bottom-up processing

EG impaired cognitive flexibility, decision making, response inhibition etc

EG heightened cue reactivity to drug/gamble associated or obsession associated cues

Question 5

Habit brain areas

Answer 5

Premotor cortex
Dorsolateral striatum (DLS)
Infralimbic cortex (ILc)
Posterior putamen
Amygdala

Question 6

Goal directed areas

Answer 6

ventromedial PFC (vmPFC)
Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
Caudate
Dorsalmedial striatum (DMS)