Explanations For Forgetting-retrival Failire

Question 1

Encoding specificity principle

Tulving & Thomson (1973)

Memory most effective if…
What does it state about the cue?

Tulving and pearlstone (1966)
48 words/12 categories (e.g. Fruit-Apple)

Recall conditions- free recall or cues(category names)

Result of each conditions

Answer 1

.. Info Present at time of encoding is available at retrieval time

Cue doesn’t need to be perfect (but closer to original item = better )

Free recall-40% average recall

Cued recall-60% average recall

Question 2

Context dependant forgetting
Abarnathy (1940)

Students tested before course then each week

4 conditions-
1-same room and teacher 
2-same room and different teacher 
3-different room and the same teacher 
4-different room and different teacher 

Which condition had best performance and why?

What was also concluded about a students own ability?

Answer 2

Condition 1 (Same room & teacher) = familiars things acted as cues

Superior students =least affects by changes

Question 3

State-dependant forgetting-
Mental state at time of learning

Goodwin et al. (1969)
Make volunteers would remember word lists drunk or sober
After 24 hours would recall with drunk or sober

What was discovered about recall in respect to states?

Answer 3

Recall better if state was same as learning

Question 4

Evaluation -

Lots of research support

Wealth of research evident that has documented importance of retrieval cues on memory.

Varied types of research (e.g. Lab, field, natural and anecdotal)

Answer 4

Evaluation -

Lots of research support

Wealth of research evident that has documented importance of retrieval cues on memory.

Varied types of research (e.g. Lab, field, natural and anecdotal)

Question 5

Evaluation-
Real world application-
What does Abenathy suggest about exam sitting?

What did Smith 2010 suggest was equally as useful as Abernatys claim? 💭💭

Answer 5

Revise where exams take place

Think of room where studying happens was as effective as actually being there

Question 6

Evaluations

Retrieval cues do not always work

Complex concepts are not easily triggered by single cues

What do smith and Vela (2001) state?

What is the outshining hypothesis?

Answer 6

Context effects are largely eliminated when learning meaningful information

Cues effect reduced with the presence of better cues